Table 2.
Level of neurocognitive function and relative odds of uncontrolled diabetes: Results from multivariable logistic regression a
| Neurocognitive function quartile, range b | n | OR for having HbA1c≥7% [53 mmol/mol] (95% CI) | P | P-trend |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Global cognitive function index | ||||
| Quartile 4, [3.03, 11.3] (best function) | 413 | 1 (ref) | 0.08 | |
| Quartile 3, [0.26, 3.03) | 418 | 1.19 (0.78, 1.81) | 0.43 | |
| Quartile 2, [−2.35, 0.26) | 421 | 1.51 (0.94, 2.42) | 0.09 | |
| Quartile 1, [−11.2, −2.35) | 409 | 1.54 (0.90, 2.64) | 0.12 | |
| Executive function index | ||||
| Quartile 4, (1.51, 6.92] | 411 | 1 (ref) | 0.24 | |
| Quartile 3, [−0.03, 1.51] | 427 | 1.49 (0.98, 2.26) | 0.06 | |
| Quartile 2, [−1.56, −0.04] | 420 | 1.45 (0.85, 2.47) | 0.18 | |
| Quartile 1, [−5.9, −1.56) | 403 | 1.43 (0.82, 2.53) | 0.21 | |
| Digit Symbol Substitution Test | ||||
| Quartile 4, [39,81] | 453 | 1 (ref) | 0.03 | |
| Quartile 3, [30,38] | 385 | 1.19 (0.81, 1.76) | 0.37 | |
| Quartile 2, [21,29] | 444 | 1.74 (1.06, 2.88) | 0.03 | |
| Quartile 1, [0,20] | 379 | 1.62 (0.93, 2.81) | 0.09 | |
| Word fluency | ||||
| Quartile 4, [22,40] | 437 | 1 (ref) | 0.51 | |
| Quartile 3, [17,21] | 414 | 0.64 (0.42, 0.97) | 0.04 | |
| Quartile 2, [12,16] | 439 | 1.08 (0.68, 1.71) | 0.74 | |
| Quartile 1, [0,11] | 371 | 0.72 (0.42, 1.21) | 0.21 | |
| SEVLT learning | ||||
| Quartile 4, [26, 37] | 432 | 1 (ref) | 0.33 | |
| Quartile 3, [22, 25] | 444 | 0.99 (0.64, 1.53) | 0.97 | |
| Quartile 2, [18, 21] | 416 | 1.33 (0.89, 1.99) | 0.17 | |
| Quartile 1, [3, 17] | 369 | 1.21 (0.76, 1.92) | 0.43 | |
| SEVLT delayed recall | ||||
| Quartile 4, [10, 15] | 505 | 1 (ref) | 0.69 | |
| Quartile 3, [8, 9] | 466 | 1.18 (0.79, 1.78) | 0.41 | |
| Quartile 2, [6, 7] | 371 | 1.30 (0.84, 2.01) | 0.24 | |
| Quartile 1, [0, 5] | 319 | 1.09 (0.70, 1.71) | 0.69 | |
Uncontrolled diabetes defined as HbA1c ≥ 7% (53 mmol/mol); those with missing covariates excluded from all analyses; models adjusted for Hispanic/Latino national background, field center, education, age, and gender, health insurance status, oral hypoglycemic agent and insulin use, years since diabetes diagnosis, family support, depression, healthcare utilization in the past year, poor physical functioning, prevalent cardiovascular disease, and body mass index
Group 4, with higher levels of learning, memory, or executive function, served as the reference
Abbreviations: HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin; SEVLT, Spanish English Verbal Learning Test