Table 1.

Immunotherapeutic strategies for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease

Immunization	Name	Drug	Clinical trials	Effects on biomarkers	Major adverse events
Active	AN1792	Aβ-42 with Qs21 as adjuvant	Phase II	Clearence of amyloid plaques	Meningoencephalitis and cerebral microhemorrhage
	Affitope AD02	Peptide mimicking B-cell epitope peptide, Aβ1–6 with no sequence similarities	Phase II ongoing	No results posted	No results posted
	ACC-001	Aβ1–6 conjugated to the mutated diphtheria toxin protein CRM19	Phase II ongoing	No results posted	No results posted
	CAD106	B-cell epitope peptide, Aβ1–6, which is coupled to a bacteriophage coat protein	Phase II	Increase of total Aβ levels and reduced free Aβ in plasma	None related to immunized group
	ACI-24	Liposome-based vaccine with tetra-palmitoylated Aβ1–15	Phase I/IIa	No results posted	No results posted
Passive	Bapineuzumab	IgG1 isotype targeting Aβ1–5	Phase II	Reduction of cerebral Aβ, CSF p-tau, and total tau levels	Vasogenic cerebral edema
	Solanezumab	IgG1 isotype targeting Aβ13–28	Phase II	Increase in CSF Aβ-40, Aβ-42 levels and reduced CSF levels of free Aβ-40	None related to immunized group
	Gantenerumab	IgG1 isotype targeting Aβ1–11	Small group of patients	Reduction of amyloid plaques	Vasogenic edema
	Crenezumab	IgG4 isotype targeting Aβ12–23	Phase I	Increase in total plasma Aβ-40 and total Aβ-42 levels	None related to immunized group
	IVIG	Pool mixture of immunoglobulin from healthy people	Phase II/III	Reduction of amyloid plaques and plasma Aβ-42 levels	Ischemic stroke and microbleeds

Abbreviations: Aβ, amyloid beta; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; Ig, immunoglobulin; IVIG, intravenous immunoglobulin; p-tau, phosphorylated tau.