Table 2.
Antigen-specific immunotherapy using insulin as the target antigen
| Treatment | Year | Patient characteristics | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oral insulin (2.5 mg or 7.5 mg daily) | 2000 | 131 patients with positive autoantibodies within 2 weeks of diagnosis of T1D | No difference between treatment groups and placebo | Chaillous et al26 |
| Oral insulin (5 mg daily) | 2000 | 80 patients with T1D | No difference between treatment and placebo groups | Pozzilli et al27 |
| Intranasal insulin (1.6 mg) | 2004 | 38 patients with autoantibodies | Intranasal insulin was safe and induced immune changes consistent with mucosal tolerance to insulin | Harrison et al28 |
| Intranasal insulin (1 unit/kg daily) | 2008 | 224 infants and 40 siblings with autoantibodies | No difference between treatment and placebo groups | Näntö-Salonen et al29 |
Abbreviation: TID, Type 1 diabetes.