Table 2.

Antigen-specific immunotherapy using insulin as the target antigen

Treatment	Year	Patient characteristics	Outcome	Reference
Oral insulin (2.5 mg or 7.5 mg daily)	2000	131 patients with positive autoantibodies within 2 weeks of diagnosis of T1D	No difference between treatment groups and placebo	Chaillous et al26
Oral insulin (5 mg daily)	2000	80 patients with T1D	No difference between treatment and placebo groups	Pozzilli et al27
Intranasal insulin (1.6 mg)	2004	38 patients with autoantibodies	Intranasal insulin was safe and induced immune changes consistent with mucosal tolerance to insulin	Harrison et al28
Intranasal insulin (1 unit/kg daily)	2008	224 infants and 40 siblings with autoantibodies	No difference between treatment and placebo groups	Näntö-Salonen et al29

Abbreviation: TID, Type 1 diabetes.