Table 1.
Androgen receptor (AR) and liver diseases from different etiologies
| Etiology of HCC | Roles of AR | References |
|---|---|---|
| HBV | AR-CAG repeats may be associated with an increased risk of HCC | 116 |
| HBV | AR signaling may affect the risk of HBV-related HCC among men | 117 |
| HBV | AR exon 1 CAG repeat length may contribute to HCC predisposition among women | 118,119 |
| HBV | TNR of AR gene in male HCC | 120 |
| HBV | HBx enhances AR-responsive gene expression | 10,11, 121–123 |
| HBV | AR promotes HBV replication | 124–126 |
| HBV | CCRK-AR regulates HBV-associated HCC | 127 |
| HCV | HCV core augments AR-signaling | 12 |
| NAFLD | Association between AR, ER stress, and hepatic lipid deposition | 86,128–130 |
| Alcohol | AR associated with severity of liver diseases | 56 |
Abbreviations: HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV, hepatitis B virus; TNR, trinucleotide repeats; HBx, hepatitis B virus X; AR, androgen-responsive; HCV, hepatitis C virus; NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; CCRK, cell cycle–related kinase.