Table 1.

Genetic mutations in pancreatic cancer

Common somatic mutations in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

KRAS

P16/CDKN2A

TP53

SMAD4

Major genetic pathways targeted in pancreatic cancer

Apoptosis

DNA damage control

Hedgehog signaling

Homophilic cell adhesion

Integrin signaling

Regulation of G1/S phase transition

c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling

TGF-β signaling

KRAS signaling

Wnt/notch signaling

Regulation of invasion

Small GTPase-dependent signaling (other than KRAS)

Abbreviations: GTP, guanosine triphosphate; TGF-β, transforming growth factor type beta.