Table 1.

Summary of preclinical studies with CVA21

Malignancy	ICAM-1/DAF expression	In vitro CVA21 sensitivity	In vivo – decreased tumor burden	References
Melanoma	Human cell lines and primary samples	Cytotoxic against human cell lines	SCID mice – it, iv, and ip administration	22,24,26,27
Multiple myeloma	Human cell lines, 15 MM and 5 MGUS patient samples	Cytotoxic against human cell lines and primary samples	SCID mice – it, iv administration	25,29
Breast cancer	Human cell lines and primary samples	Cytotoxic against human cell lines	SCID mice – iv administration	18,30,31
Prostate cancer	Human cell lines and primary samples	Cytotoxic against ICAM-1 positive human cell lines	SCID mice – iv administration	32,33,34
Lung cancer	NSCLC and SCLC human cell lines	Cytotoxicity against human cell lines	SCID mice – it administration	35
Head and neck cancer	Human cell lines or primary	ND	ND	36

Abbreviations: CVA21, coxsackievirus A21; DAF, decay-accelerating factor; ICAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1; ip, intraperitoneal; it, intratumoral; iv, intravenous; MGUS, monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance; MM, multiple myeloma; ND, not determined; NSCLC, non-small-cell lung cancer; SCID, severe combined immunodeficiency; SCLC, small cell lung cancer.