Table 1.
Modifications to the viral backbone | Viral virulence gene deletion | Vaccinia B18R (type I IFN-binding protein) |
Transgene expression (immune activating) | Cytokines (GM-CSF; type I IFN) TLR ligands (CpG expression) Tumor associated antigens (in situ vaccines) Bispecific T-cell engager |
|
Transgene expression (overcoming immunosuppression) | Chemokine receptors (CXCR4) Blockade of immune checkpoint inhibitors |
|
Oncolytic virus combination with immunotherapy | Immune activating | Adoptive T-cell therapy (TCR, CAR T-cell etc) Vaccine therapy |
Overcoming immunosuppression | Blockade of immune checkpoint inhibitors |