Table 3.
Vaccinia virus
| Virus | Mechanism | In vitro | In vivo effects | Delivery route | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armed | |||||
| vvDD-SR-RFP | VV expressing human somatostatin receptor subtype 2 and RFP | ⇑ Viral replication after VEGF stimulation | Colon cancer xenografts Colocalization of the viral RFP within CD31+ cells ⇓ CD31 staining |
IP | 122 |
| JX-795 | VV B18R deletion mutant expressing IFN-β | N/A | Murine mammary carcinoma: ⇓ Tumor perfusion ⇑ Antitumor effects In vivo tumor ECs targeting |
IV; IT | 86 |
| GLV-1h446 | Expression of scAb against VEGF and FAP | N/A | Feline mammary carcinoma; ⇓ Tumor growth ⇓ Tumoral VEGF levels and angiogenesis |
IV | 83 |
| vvdd-VEGFR-1-Ig | Expression of soluble VEGFR 1 | N/A | RCC (human and murine) ⇑ Antitumor effects ⇓ MVD |
IV | 84 |
| OVV-CXCR4-A-mFc | Expression of CXCR4 antagonist | N/A | Murine breast cancer; ⇓ Tumor perfusion ⇓ Tumor CXCL 12, VEGF ⇓ BMD endothelial and myeloid cells |
IV | 88 |
| JX-594 | hGM-CSF expressing VV, targeted toward cells with Ras/MAPK activation | Efficient EC replications EC cytotoxicity | Murine breast and colon cancer: Selective tumor EC targeting ⇑ Antivascular cytokines Disrupts vasculature |
IV | 81 |
| VVhEA | LV strain of VV expressing the Endo–Angio fusion gene | ⇓ EC tube formation | Pancreatic cancer xenografts: ⇓ Tumor MVD ⇑ Antitumor effects |
IV; IT | 85 |
| Combination | |||||
| vvDD-luc + Ad Flk1-Fc or vvDD-luc + sunitinib | vvDD-luc Ad expressing Flk1-Fc Anti-VEGFR TKI |
vvDD alone Inhibits ECs proliferation |
Murine breast cancer; Enhancement of antitumor effects and improved survival with combination treatments |
IV | 82 |
| JX-594 + sorafenib | VV + VEGFR/RAF TKI | N/A | Human HCC; murine melanoma; Combination improves antitumor efficacy |
IV | 89 |
| VVDD-EGFP + PDT | TK and VGF-deleted VV expressing EGFP + PDT | N/A | Murine neuroblastoma, human SCC: PDT enhances viral replication ⇑ Antitumor effects |
IV | 90 |
Abbreviations: RFP, red fluorescent protein; Angio, angiostatin; Ad, adenovirus; BMD, bone marrow-derived; ECs, endothelial cells; Endo, endostatin; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; hGM-CSF, human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IFN-β, Interferon beta; FAP, fibroblast activation protein; IP, intraperitoneal; IT, intratumoral; IV, intravenous; LV, Lister vaccine; MVD, microvessel density; N/A, not applicable; PDT, photodynamic therapy; RCC, renal cell cancer; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; scAb, single chain antibody; SCC, squamous cell carcinoma; TK, thymidine kinase; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; VGF, vaccinia growth factor; VV, vaccinia virus; VEGFR, VEGF receptor; EGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; ⇑, increased; ⇓, decreased.