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. 2016 Jul;123(4):368–391. doi: 10.1037/a0039996

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© 2016 The Author(s)

This article has been published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Copyright for this article is retained by the author(s). Author(s) grant(s) the American Psychological Association the exclusive right to publish the article and identify itself as the original publisher.

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(a and b) Values of p for each option were sampled from a β distribution with shape parameters (2, 2) and values of v were sampled, independently, from a Gaussian distribution with mean = 3, SD = 2. (c) The density of expected values, E = p × v, of options given no constraints. (d) Densities of E | J for each of two options. (e) Densities of E | L for the three options that include the decoy. (f) E of each of the three options and their equal expected value curves given L. J and L are ordinal constraints specified in the text. See the online article for the color version of this figure.