Table 3.
Cognitive performance [mean, standard deviation (SD), analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistics, and linear contrasts] under quiet, urban, and social noise conditions
| Cognitive domains | Male Mean (SD) | Female Mean (SD) | ANOVA statistics | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Numbers of participants (n) | Quiet | Urban | Social | Quiet | Urban | Social | Effects df | F | P | ηp2 |
| Psychomotor speed | ||||||||||
| Simple reaction timem22 f26 | 290.90 (50.66) | 328.54 (84.57) | 309.07 (64.00) | 283.86 (54.11) | 299.01 (82.43) | 293.78 (53.82) | Noise2,92 | 3.55 | 0.03 | 0.072 |
| Urban RT slower than quiet RT (t47=2.19, P=0.03) | ||||||||||
| Sex1,46 | 1.26 | 0.27 | 0.027 | |||||||
| Noise x Sex2,92 | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.014 | |||||||
| Attention | ||||||||||
| Continuous performance test (CPT) D-primem20 f25 | 0.50 (0.16) | 0.48 (0.15) | 0.46 (0.10) | 0.46 (0.13) | 0.48 (0.17) | 0.52 (0.17) | Noise 2,86 | 0.24 | 0.79 | 0.005 |
| Sex1,86 | 2.14 | 0.12 | 0.047 | |||||||
| Noise x Sex2,92 | 0.04 | 0.85 | 0.001 | |||||||
| Executive function | ||||||||||
| Trail making B-A↓m22 f29 | 26.11 (16.13) | 27.04 (18.92) | 26.23 (14.88) | 29.25 (15.91) | 32.63 (20.82) | 34.17 (23.23) | Noise2,98 | 0.48 | 0.62 | 0.010 |
| Sex1,49 | 1.73 | 0.20 | 0.034 | |||||||
| Noise x Sex2,98 | 0.37 | 0.69 | 0.007 | |||||||
| Beads (60:40)m24 f30 | 7.25 (5.23) | 8.96 (5.37) | 7.58 (4.97) | 6.60 (4.93) | 7.40 (5.34) | 7.60 (5.51) | Noise2,104 | 3.93 | 0.02 | 0.070 |
| More Beads selected under urban noise compared to quiet condition (t53=2.83, P=0.007) | ||||||||||
| Sex1,52 | 0.30 | 0.59 | 0.006 | |||||||
| Noise x Sex2,104 | 1.56 | 0.22 | 0.029 | |||||||
| Verbal fluencym24 f30 | 49.50 (12.56) | 48.71 (10.39) | 47.25 (11.43) | 47.40 (10.81) | 46.47 (13.29) | 47.97 (11.56) | Noise 2,104 | 0.37 | 0.69 | 0.007 |
| Sex1,52 | 0.17 | 0.68 | 0.003 | |||||||
| Noise x Sex2,104 | 1.08 | 0.35 | 0.020 | |||||||
| Working memory | ||||||||||
| Letter number scoresm24 f30 | 16.75 (4.15) | 16.21 (3.40) | 15.58 (4.36) | 17.57 (3.39) | 16.07 (3.51) | 16.47 (3.65) | Noise2,104 | 6.55 | 0.002 | 0.112 |
| Less letter number strings completed under urban (t53=3.12, P=0.003) and social (t53=3.59. P=0.001) noise compared to quiet condition | ||||||||||
| Sex1,52 | 0.30 | 0.58 | 0.006 | |||||||
| Noise x Sex2,104 | 1.38 | 0.26 | 0.026 | |||||||
| Verbal learning and memory | ||||||||||
| Hopkins verbal learning test (HVLT): Total immediate recall m24 f30 | 26.33 (4.94) | 24.88 (4.15) | 25.42 (4.90) | 26.40 (4.94) | 25.33 (5.23) | 24.83 (4.56) | Noise2,104 | 3.25 | 0.04 | 0.059 |
| Less words recalled under urban (t53=2.17, P=0.03) and social (t53=2.29. P=0.03) noise compared to quiet condition | ||||||||||
| Sex1,52 | 0.00 | 0.99 | 0.000 | |||||||
| Noise x Sex2,104 | 0.43 | 0.65 | 0.008 | |||||||
| HVLT: Delayed recallm24 f30 | 9.63 (1.97) | 8.08 (2.57) | 8.17 (2.50) | 9.47 (1.74) | 8.40 (2.65) | 8.87 (2.47) | Noise2,102 | 10.89 | <0.0001 | 0.173 |
| Less words recalled under urban (t53=4.33, P<.0001) and social (t53=3.40. P=.001) noise compared to quiet condition | ||||||||||
| Sex1,52 | 0.28 | 0.60 | 0.005 | |||||||
| Noise x Sex2,104 | 1.07 | 0.35 | 0.020 | |||||||
| HVLT: Discrimination indexm24 f30 | 11.00 (1.18) | 9.54 (2.41) | 10.50 (1.32) | 11.00 (1.20) | 10.20 (1.73) | 10.77 (1.59) | Noise2,104 | 10.61 | <0.001 | 0.169 |
| Less words discriminated under urban noise compared to social noise (t53=2.79, P=0.007) and quiet (t53=4.19. P<0.001) | ||||||||||
| Sex1,52 | 0.84 | 0.36 | 0.016 | |||||||
| Noise x Sex2,104 | 0.88 | 0.42 | 0.017 | |||||||
Note, bold P levels indicates significance at P < 0.05