Table 4.
Multivariate associations between duration of lifetime residential and occupational exposure to loud noise (per 1 interquartile range increase) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (logistic regression)
| Sample size (n = 513) | P-value | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lifetime residential exposure to loud noise (per 16 years) | 0.257 | 0.58 | (0.23, 1.49) |
| Lifetime occupational exposure to loud noise (per 13 years) | 0.739 | 0.91 | (0.53, 1.58) |
| Age (continuous) | <0.001 | 1.06 | (1.03, 1.10) |
| Gender: Female (ref. “male”) | 0.012 | 0.28 | (0.11, 0.75) |
| Ethnicity: Non-Bulgarian (ref. “Bulgarian”) | 0.475 | 1.64 | (0.42, 6.37) |
| Body mass index (continuous) | 0.003 | 1.15 | (1.05, 1.26) |
| Family history of T2DM: Yes (ref. “no”) | 0.042 | 2.51 | (1.03, 6.09) |
| Noise sensitivity (continuous) | 0.329 | 1.48 | (0.68, 3.24) |
| Air pollution annoyance (continuous) | 0.595 | 1.07 | (0.84, 1.37) |
| Noise annoyance (continuous) | 0.612 | 0.94 | (0.72, 1.21) |
| Bedroom location: Noisy façade (ref. “quiet side”) | 0.009 | 3.79 | (1.40, 10.30) |
| Sleep disturbance (continuous) | 0.016 | 1.23 | (1.04, 1.45) |
| Pack-years of smoking (continuous) | 0.610 | 0.99 | (0.97, 1.02) |
Note. ref. = Reference category, T2DM = Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Model is based on 50 imputed datasets, Average Nagelkerke R2 = 0.40, Post-hoc power is 0.38 for “Lifetime residential exposure to loud noise” and 0.05 for “Lifetime occupational exposure to loud noise” (specifications: Two tails, α = 0.05, lognormal distribution, 6.9% prevalence of T2DM, n = 497, R2 with other covariates = 0.06/0.25)