Table 1. Spectrum of CAKUT: Multiple manifestations of defective renal/urinary tract development.

Defects in ureteric bud outgrowth/branching

• Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

• Ureterovesical junction (UVJ) obstruction

• Ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction

• Duplicated collecting system

• Renal agenesis

• Hydronephrosis

• Ectopic kidney

Defects in nephron induction/differentiation

• Agenesis/dysplasia/hypoplasia

• Multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK)

Defects in fusion

• Horseshoe kidney

Defects in bladder/urethral development

• Posterior urethral valves (PUVs)