Extended Data Table 2.

Key f-statistics used to support claims about population history.

A	B	C	D	f4(A, B, C, D)	Z	Number of SNPs	Interpretation
Anatolia_Neolithic	LBK_EN	WHG	Chimp	−0.00114	−6.8	1003751wl	Early European Farmers had more WHG ancestry than Anatolian Neolithic
Anatolia_Neolithic	Hungary_EN	WHG	Chimp	−0.00212	−11.9	929553
Anatolia_Neolithic	lberia_EN	WHG	Chimp	−0.00244	−9.6	904437
lberia_EN	lberia_Chalcolithic	WHG	Chimp	−0.00311	−10.5	802471	Iberian Chalcolithic had more WHG ancestry than Iberian Early Neolithic
lberia_MN	lberia_Chalcolithic	WHG	Chimp	0.00010	0.3	779905	Iberian Chalcolithic did not have more WHG ancestry than Iberian Middle Neolithic
EHG	Samara_Eneolithic	MA1	Chimp	0.00140	2.3	463388	First dilution of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry (prior to the Bronze Age Yamnaya culture)
EHG	Yamnaya_Samara	MA1	Chimp	0.00513	10.6	645211
Samara_Eneolithic	Yamnaya_Samara	MA1	Chimp	0.00366	7.6	482492
EHG	Yamnaya_Samara	Armenian	Chimp	−0.00191	−6.1	547370	Contribution of Near Eastern ancestry to the Bronze Age Yamnaya culture
EHG	Yamnaya_Kalmykia	Armenian	Chimp	−0.00180	−5.4	536989
Samara_Eneolithic	Yamnaya_Samara	Armenian	Chimp	−0.00100	−3.3	405599
EHG	Poltavka	Armenian	Chimp	−0.00175	−4.9	541983
Yamnaya_Samara	Yamnaya_Kalmykia	MA1	Chimp	−0.00010	−0.3	675630	Stability of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry between Early Bronze Age Yamnaya from Kalmykia and Samara, and the Middle Bronze Age Poltavka
Yamnaya_Samara	Poltavka	MA1	Chimp	−0.00014	−0.4	673726
Yamnaya_Kalmykia	Poltavka	MA1	Chimp	0.00012	0.3	659346
Yamnaya_Samara	Srubnaya	MA1	Chimp	0.00151	5.1	691149	Second dilution of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry (prior to the Late Bronze Age Srubnaya culture)
Yamnaya_Kalmykia	Srubnaya	MA1	Chimp	0.00161	4.8	676735
Poltavka	Srubnaya	MA1	Chimp	0.00164	4.5	674756
Yamnaya_Samara	Srubnaya	LBK_EN	Chimp	−0.00225	−11.4	974659	Arrival of Early European Farmer-related ancestry prior to the Late Bronze Age Srubnaya culture. Statistics with Anatolia_Neolithic instead of LBK_EN are similar (Z<−8, not shown).
Yamnaya_Kalmykia	Srubnaya	LBK_EN	Chimp	−0.00264	−11.4	951827
Poltavka	Srubnaya	LBK_EN	Chimp	−0.00210	−9.0	948968
EHG	Yamnaya_Samara	Armenian	LBK_EN	−0.00080	−5.0	559478	Different source of dilution of Ancient North Eurasian ancestry prior to the Yamnaya (Near Eastern) vs. prior to the Srubnaya (Early European Farmer-related)
EHG	Yamnaya_Kalmykia	Armenian	LBK_EN	−0.00086	−5.2	548882
EHG	Poltavka	Armenian	LBK_EN	−0.00069	−4.1	553996
Yamnaya_Samara	Srubnaya	Armenian	LBK_EN	0.00138	13.1	585240
Yamnaya_Kalmykia	Srubnaya	Armenian	LBK_EN	0.00142	11.3	574333
Poltavka	Srubnaya	Armenian	LBK_EN	0.00134	10.7	577082

Ref1	Ref2	Test	f3(Test; Ref 1, Ref 2)	Z	Number of SNPs	Interpretation
WHG	Anatolia_Neolithic	Hungary_EN	−0.00412	−6.7	548445	Early European farmers were formed by admixture between Anatolia Neolithic and WHG (the non-significant signal in the lberian_EN may be due to genetic drift specific to this population)
WHG	Anatolia_Neolithic	LBK_EN	−0.00257	−4.6	654357
WHG	Anatolia_Neolithic	lberia_EN	0.00179	1.4	389101
EHG	Armenian	Poltavka	−0.00539	−3.9	213055	Early and Middle Bronze Age steppe pastoralists were formed by admixture between EHG and a population of Near Eastern ancestry
EHG	Armenian	Yamnaya_Kalmykia	−0.00537	−4.2	213996
EHG	Armenian	Yamnaya_Samara	−0.00586	−6.2	276568
LBK_EN	Yamnaya_Samara	Srubnaya	−0.00630	−11.2	584111	Srubnaya was formed by admixture between populations related to Yamnaya and Early European Farmers