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Male and female rats exposed to early stress demonstrate reduced social behavior in the social interaction test. ES males (A) and females (B) demonstrated reduced social behavior on P23 compared with NoES males. (Inset) specific variables from the juvenile social interaction test are provided, demonstrating a significant difference between No ES and ES males on variables such as physical touch and getting under/on top. (*P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001).
