Table 1.

Comparison of the parameters of Vero cells with different degrees of damage

Cell type	c(H2O2) (mmol/L)	Root-mean-square roughness Rq (nm)	Average roughness Ra (nm)	Mean height $\overline{z}$(nm)	Particle size on cell surface (nm)
Normal Vero	0	14.8	11.3	52.4	20–80
Injured Vero	0.3	49.6	39.3	166.1	50–250
Injured Vero	1.0	88.8	73.4	331.3	200–500

Notes: R_q: root-mean-square roughness, $R_q=\sqrt{\frac{{\displaystyle \sum _{n=1}^N{\left(Z_n-\overline{Z}\right)}^2}}{N-1}}$; R_a: average roughness, $R_a=\frac{1}{N}{\displaystyle \sum _{n-1}^N\left|Z_n-\overline{Z}\right|}$, where N represents the total number of data points within the specified area, Z_n is the height of the nth point, $\overline{Z}$ is the average height. R_q, R_a were directly generated by the atomic force microscopy equipped with software IP 2.1,¹⁰ R_q, R_a as the basic parameters of statistics, to reflect the roughness of the surface of cells. The rougher the cell surface, the greater the value of R_a and R_q. Scanning for the range of nuclear area was 5×5 μm.