Table 4. Univariate and multivariate analysis (n = 43343) of probable dengue-related mortality.
| Variables | Alive n (%) | Dengue-related death, n (%) | Univariate analysis, OR (95% CI) | p | Multivariate analysis, OR (95% CI) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Age, years (SD) | 30.0 (15.7) | 41.8 (20.5) | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <0.001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.06) | <0.001 |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 26042 (99.8) | 42 (0.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Female | 17209 (99.7) | 50 (0.3) | 1.80 (1.20–2.72) | 0.005 | 1.53 (1.01–2.33) | 0.047 |
| Nationality | ||||||
| Malaysian | 39574 (99.8) | 87 (0.2) | 1.62 (0.66–3.98) | |||
| Non Malaysian | 3677 (99.9) | 5 (0.1) | 1 | 0.297 | ||
| Race (n = 39658) | 0.369 | |||||
| Malay | 23433 (99.8) | 50 (0.2) | 1 | |||
| Chinese | 10021 (99.8) | 24 (0.2) | 1.12 (0.69–1.83) | 0.642 | ||
| Indian | 4216 (99.9) | 6 (0.1) | 0.67 (0.29–1.56) | 0.349 | ||
| Indigenous people | 1652 (99.6) | 7 (0.4) | 1.99 (0.90–4.39) | 0.090 | ||
| Others | 249 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.00 (0.00) | 0.995 | ||
| Place of dwelling (n = 38080) | ||||||
| Urban | 31990 (99.8) | 68 (0.2) | 1 | |||
| Rural | 6005 (99.7) | 17 (0.3) | 1.33 (0.78–2.27) | 0.291 | ||
| Month of onset | 0.752 | |||||
| December 2012 | 486 (99.8) | 1 (0.2) | 1 | |||
| January | 2283 (99.8) | 5 (0.2) | 1.30 (0.38–4.51) | 0.675 | ||
| February | 1751 (99.7) | 5 (0.3) | 0.68 (0.16–2.87) | 0.605 | ||
| March | 2000 (99.9) | 3 (0.1) | 0.71 (0.17–2.96) | 0.635 | ||
| April | 1938 (99.8) | 3 (0.2) | 0.82 (0.22–3.05) | 0.766 | ||
| May | 2230 (99.8) | 4 (0.2) | 1.16 (0.37–3.67) | 0.796 | ||
| June | 2747 (99.7) | 7 (0.3) | 0.65 (0.18–2.44) | 0.528 | ||
| July | 2789 (99.9) | 4 (0.1) | 1.10 (0.36–3.38) | 0.862 | ||
| August | 3309 (99.8) | 8 (0.2) | 1.71 (0.63–4.65) | 0.291 | ||
| September | 4532 (99.6) | 17 (0.4) | 0.85 (0.30–2.41) | 0.759 | ||
| October | 7095 (99.8) | 12 (0.2) | 0.77 (0.27–2.19) | 0.628 | ||
| November | 7095 (99.8) | 12 (0.2) | 0.89 (0.31–2.57) | 0.830 | ||
| December | 5639 (99.8) | 11 (0.2) | 0.94 (0.11–8.06) | 0.955 | ||
| Headache | ||||||
| YES | 32489 (99.8) | 63 (0.2) | 0.69 (0.44–1.07) | 0.688 | ||
| NO | 10402 (99.7) | 29 (0.3) | 1 | |||
| Suborbital Pain | ||||||
| YES | 1653 (99.9) | 2 (0.1) | 1 | |||
| NO | 41598 (99.8) | 90 (0.2) | 1.79 (0.44–7.27) | 0.417 | ||
| Body or Joint Ache | ||||||
| YES | 37134 (99.8) | 73 (0.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| NO | 6117 (99.7) | 19 (0.3) | 1.58 (0.95–2.62) | 0.076 | 1.52 (0.90–2.58) | 0.120 |
| Nausea and/or vomiting | ||||||
| YES | 14867 (99.7) | 47 (0.3) | 1.99 (1.32–3.00) | 0.001 | 1.80 (1.17–2.77) | 0.008 |
| NO | 28384 (99.8) | 45 (0.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Rash | ||||||
| YES | 6689 (99.8) | 11 (0.2) | 1 | |||
| NO | 36562 (99.8) | 81 (0.2) | 1.35 (0.72–2.53) | 0.354 | ||
| Abdominal symptoms | ||||||
| YES | 12455 (99.8) | 31 (0.2) | 1.26 (0.82–1.93) | 0.301 | ||
| NO | 30796 (99.8) | 61 (0.2) | 1 | |||
| Bleeding | ||||||
| YES | 856 (99.2) | 7 (0.8) | 4.08 (1.88–8.84) | <0.001 | 3.01 (1.29–7.04) | 0.011 |
| NO | 42395 (99.8) | 85 (0.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Abdominal pain or tenderness | ||||||
| YES | 801 (99.6) | 3 (0.4) | 1.79 (0.56–5.66) | 0.324 | ||
| NO | 42450 (99.8) | 89 (0.2) | 1 | |||
| Persistent vomiting | ||||||
| YES | 62 (96.9) | 2 (3.1) | 15.48 (3.73–64.25) | <0.001 | 0.41 (0.01–18.35) | 0.648 |
| NO | 43189 (99.8) | 90 (0.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Clinical fluid accumulation | ||||||
| YES | 2 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| NO | 43249 (99.8) | 92 (0.2) | 1.00 | |||
| Lethargy and/or restlessness | ||||||
| YES | 310 (98.1) | 6 (1.9) | 9.66 (4.19–22.28) | <0.001 | 5.97 (2.26–15.78) | <0.001 |
| NO | 42491 (99.8) | 86 (0.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Liver enlargement 2cm | ||||||
| YES | 5 (100.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| NO | 43246 (99.8) | 92 (0.2) | 0.999 | |||
| Severe plasma leakage | ||||||
| YES | 25 (92.6) | 2 (7.4) | 38.42 (8.97–164.63) | <0.001 | 14.72 (1.54–140.67) | 0.020 |
| NO | 43226 (99.8) | 90 (0.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Shock | ||||||
| YES | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | 1457.87 (150.21–14149.51) | <0.001 | 1805.37 (125.44–25982.98) | <0.001 |
| NO | 43250 (99.8) | 89 (0.2) | 1 | 1 | ||
| Severe bleeding | ||||||
| YES | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | ||||
| NO | 43251 (99.8) | 92 (0.2) | ||||
| Organ failure | ||||||
| YES | 1 (50.0) | 1 (50.0) | 475.28 (29.50–7656.58) | <0.001 | 2.947 (0.00–9.74x1010) | 0.923 |
| NO | 43250 (99.8) | 91 (0.2) | 1 | 1 |