Table 1. Patient characteristics in the different groups.
| HCM phenotype | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Young healthy Controls (n = 20) | Age gender matched controls (n = 79) | Entire HCM patients (n = 79) | Apical (n = 32) | Septal (n = 28) | Mixed or diffuse (n = 19) | |
| Age, years | 33 ± 5 | 54 ± 11 | 54 ± 11* | 58 ± 9 | 53 ± 11 | 50 ± 14‡ |
| Male, n (%) | 9 (45) | 60 (76) | 60 (76) * | 24 (75) | 22 (79) | 14 (74) |
| Body surface area, m2 | 1.8 ± 2.1 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2† | 1.8 ± 0.2 | 1.7 ± 0.2 | 1.8 ± 0.2 |
| Heart rate | 67 ± 9 | 66 ± 11 | 70 ± 11† | 62 ± 7 | 60 ± 12 | 59 ± 15 |
| Echocardiographic variables | ||||||
| LV outflowtrack obstruction, n (%) | − | − | 10 (13) | 0 | 8 (29) | 2 (11) ‡` |
| LV end diastolic diameter, mm | 48 ± 4 | 47 ± 5 | 44 ± 5*† | 47 ± 5 | 41 ± 5 | 43 ± 6‡ |
| LV end systolic diameter, mm | 30 ± 4 | 31 ± 5 | 27 ± 6† | 27 ± 3 | 26 ± 8 | 28 ± 7 |
| LA A-P diameter, mm | 34.2 ± 4.5 | 36.4 ± 6.0 | 41.1 ± 6.3*† | 41.6 ± 5.3 | 39.1 ± 6.2 | 43.3 ± 7.4 |
| LAVImin, ml/m2 | 13.0 ± 4.0 | 14.8 ± 5.7 | 23.4 ± 9.8*† | 21.5 ± 7.7 | 22.9 ± 10.3 | 27.5 ± 11.6 |
| LAVIpre-A, ml/m2 | 18.6 ± 4.6 | 20.9 ± 7.0 | 32.0 ± 11.7*† | 29.1 ± 8.3 | 31.9 ± 13.2 | 37.1 ± 13.1 |
| LAVImax, ml/m2 | 31.3 ± 7.0 | 30.0 ± 8.7 | 43.6 ± 15.1*† | 40.1 ± 11.2 | 43.1 ± 16.4 | 50.2 ± 17.2 |
| Transmitral flow E, cm/sec | 77.9 ± 16.4 | 63.6 ± 17.0 | 62.8 ± 14.7* | 63.9± 15.5 | 63.0 ± 13.3 | 60.7± 15.9 |
| A, cm/sec | 48.0 ± 11.7 | 63.5 ± 19.4 | 68.4 ± 22.5* | 70.8 ± 22.0 | 71.0 ± 25.8 | 60.6 ± 16.7 |
| DT, ms | 167 ± 28 | 201 ± 48 | 209 ± 59* | 194± 46 | 216± 60 | 225 ± 72 |
| Tissue Doppler, e’, cm/sec | 10.9 ± 1.8 | 7.6 ± 2.5 | 5.5 ± 1.9*† | 5.8 ± 1.8 | 5.4 ± 2.1 | 5.1 ± 1.8 |
| a’, cm/sec | 7.4 ± 1.5 | 8.4 ± 1.7 | 7.7 ± 1.6† | 7.9 ± 1.6 | 7.7 ± 1.8 | 7.4 ± 1.1 |
| s’, cm/sec | 7.6 ± 1.3 | 7.4 ± 1.6 | 6.9 ± 1.6 | 7.0 ± 1.5 | 7.0 ± 1.9 | 6.8 ± 1.4 |
| E/e’ ratio | 7.1 ± 1.1 | 8.6 ± 2.7 | 12.8 ± 5.1*† | 12.0 ± 4.5 | 13.3 ± 5.7 | 13.2 ± 5.2 |
| LA expansion index, % | 150 ± 57 | 111 ± 42 | 94 ± 41*† | 94 ± 44 | 94 ± 39 | 93± 41 |
| LA active emptying fraction, % | 30.3 ± 10.5 | 28.8 ± 11.6 | 26.9 ± 10.9 | 26.2 ± 12.1 | 27.4 ± 11.3 | 27.3 ± 8.5 |
| LA ε, % | 31.5 ± 5.6 | 27.6 ± 7.7 | 22.4 ± 7.9*† | 21.3 ± 6.9 | 25.3 ± 8.5 | 20.0 ± 7.5‡ |
| Cardiac MRI variables | ||||||
| LV maximum wall thickness, mm | − | − | 19.7 ± 4.5 | 16.7 ± 2.1 | 21.8 ± 4.8 | 21.5 ± 4.3‡ |
| LV end diastolic volume, ml | 160 ± 34 | − | 140 ± 31* | 133 ± 26 | 142 ± 31 | 150 ± 39 |
| LV end systolic volume, ml | 72 ± 20 | − | 43 ± 18* | 38 ± 13 | 47 ± 22 | 44 ± 16 |
| LV ejection fraction, % | 55 ± 6 | − | 70 ± 8* | 72 ± 6 | 68 ± 9 | 71 ± 7 |
| LV mass index, g/m2 | 43 ± 7 | − | 75 ± 26* | 65 ± 15 | 75± 25 | 94 ± 32‡ |
| Presence of LGE, n (%) | − | − | 62 (78) | 20 (63) | 24 (86) | 18 (95) ‡ |
| Extent of LGE, % | − | − | 8.2 ± 10.3 | 5.0 ± 5.7 | 8.1 ± 10.5 | 13.6 ± 13.9‡ |
Data are presented as the mean ± SD or n (%). Abbreviations: LV, left ventricle; LA, left atrium; LA A-P diameter, LA maximum anterior-posterior diameter; LAVImin, minimum LA volume index; LAVIpre-A, LA volume index before atrial contraction; LAVImax, maximum LA volume index; DT, deceleration time; LGE, late gadolinium enhancement
*p <0.05 by student’s t-test (HCM group vs. young healthy control group)
†p <0.05 by paired t-test (HCM group vs. age- and sex-matched control group)
‡p <0.05 by ANOVA.