Table 1.

Description of studies across meta-analyses that examine sex differences in facial emotion perception in schizophrenia

Ref.	Cited from	SZ group(s)	SZ group description			CT group description		CHR group description		FEP task	Stimuli emotion description	Sex difference results
			n	% women	In/out	n	% women	n	% women
Addington et al[44]	Chan, Kohler	Chronic	40	33	IN	40	43			ID and DISC	Anger, disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad, surprise	None
Alfimova et al[84]	Lavoie	CHR, chronic	103	59	IN	99	67	55	49	ID	Anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happy, interest/ excitement, neutral, sad, shame, surprise	Women > men
Amminger et al[73]	Barkl	CHR, first-episode	30	40	OUT	30	50	79	67	ID	Anger, disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad, surprise	None
Bellack et al[45]	Chan	Chronic	35	49	IN	19	58			ID and DISC	Anger, disgust, fear, happy, sad, surprise	None
Bölte et al[76]	Kohler	CHR, early-onset	21	29	OUT	22	50			ID	Anger, disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad, surprise	None
Borod et al[42]	Kohler, Savla	Chronic	20	5	OUT	21	48			DISC	Anger, disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad, surprise	None
Castagna et al[69]	PubMed	Chronic	94	30	OUT	51	62			ID	Anger, disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad, surprise	None
de Achával et al[31]	Savla	CHR, chronic	20	35	OUT	40	45	20	55	ID	Afraid, anger, disgust, distress, happy, sad, surprise	None
Donohoe et al[70]	PubMed	Chronic	487	28	OUT	163	60			ID	Not listed	None
Erol et al[80]	Lavoie	CHR, chronic	57	39	OUT	58	40	58	41	ID and DISC	Anger, fear, happy, sad, shame, surprise	None
Erol et al[72]	PubMed	Chronic	70	50	OUT	70	50			ID and DISC	Anger, fear, happy, sad, shame, surprise	Women with SZ = women and men CT
Gessler et al[50]	Chan	Chronic, recent-onset	60	38	Not described	20	50			ID	Happy, sad	Men > women
Habel et al[77]	Chan, Kohler	Early-onset, recent-onset	20	50	IN	20	50			ID	Happy, neutral, sad	Men > women
Kington et al[32]	Savla	Chronic	16	19	IN and OUT	16	19			ID	Afraid, anger, disgust, distress, happy, sad, surprise	None
Kohler et al[51]	Chan, Kohler, Savla	Chronic	35	43	OUT	45	44			ID	Happy, neutral, sad	Women > men
Kohler et al[33]	Kohler	Chronic	28	32	OUT	61	52			ID	Anger, disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad	None
1Kohler et al[86]	PubMed	CHR, chronic	91	33	OUT	90	49	52	48	ID and DISC	Anger, fear, happy, neutral, sad	None
Kucharska-Pietura et al[58]	Chan	Chronic	50	48	IN	50	52			ID	Interest-excitement, enjoyment-joy, surprise-startle, distress-anguish, disgust, contempt, anger-rage, shame-humiliation, fear-terror	None
2Kucharska-Pietura et al[35]	Chan, Kohler, Savla	Chronic, recent-onset	100	49	IN	50	52			ID	Interest-excitement, enjoyment-joy, surprise-startle, distress-anguish, disgust, contempt, anger-rage, shame-humiliation, fear-terror	Women > men
Kucharska-Pietura et al[34]	PubMed	Chronic	84	48	IN	50	50			ID	Anger, disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad, surprise	None
Leitman et al[46]	Kohler, Savla	Chronic	43	23	IN and OUT	34	59			ID and DISC	Anger, fear, happy, sad, shame, surprise	None
Leppänen et al[85]	Lavoie	CHR, chronic	36	28	OUT	22	50	23	65	ID	Anger, happy, neutral	Women > men
2Leung et al[74]	Barkl	Chronic, recent-onset	101	46	OUT	54	46			ID	Anger, disgust, fear, happy, sad, surprise	None
McCown et al[81]	Lavoie	CHR				50	50	50	50	ID	Disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad, surprise	None
Mendoza et al[82]	Lavoie	CHR, chronic	93	33	OUT	109	63	110	41	ID	Anger, disgust, fear, happy, neutral, sad, surprise	None
Mueser et al[47]	Chan, Kohler, Savla	Chronic	28	53	IN	15	67			ID and DISC	Anger, disgust, happy, sad, shame, surprise	None
Muzekari et al[36]	Kohler	Chronic	32	50	IN	32	50			ID	Anger, fear, happy, sad	None
Novic et al[37]	Chan, Kohler, Savla	Chronic	17	24	IN	17	59			DISC	Not listed	None
Penn et al[43]	Chan, Kohler	Chronic	74	30	IN	40	53			DISC	Anger, disgust, happy, sad, shame, surprise	None
Reske et al[75]	Barkl, Savla	Recent-onset	18	44	OUT	18	44			ID	Happy, neutral, sad	None
Rubin et al[38]	Savla	Chronic	48	46	IN and OUT	57	54			ID	Happy, neutral, sad	None
Sachs et al[48]	Kohler, Savla	Chronic	40	38	IN	43	44			ID and DISC	Happy, sad	None
Schneider et al[39]	Chan, Kohler	Chronic	40	48	IN and OUT	40	48			ID	Happy, sad	None
Schneider et al[40]	Chan, Kohler, Savla	Chronic	20	50	IN	20	50			ID	Anger, fear, happy, neutral, sad	None
Scholten et al[52]	Chan, Kohler, Savla	Chronic	53	47	IN and OUT	42	50			ID	Anger, disgust, fear, happy, sad, surprise	Women > men
Walker et al[41]	Kohler	Chronic, recent-onset	48	48	IN	48	48			ID	Afraid, ashamed, curious, disgust, joy, mad, sad, surprise	None
Weniger et al[49]	Chan, Kohler, Savla	Chronic	45	38	IN and OUT	30	50			ID and DISC	Anger, disgust, fear, joy, neutral, surprise	None
Wolf et al[83]	Lavoie	CHR				25	52	20	55	ID	Anger, fear, happy, neutral, sad	None

¹Only first-degree relatives of people with schizophrenia included in “CHR group description”;

²Chronic and recent-onset groups combined in “SZ group description”. SZ: Schizophrenia; CT: Control; CHR: Clinical high risk; IN: Inpatient; OUT: Outpatient; ID: Identification task; DISC: Discrimination task.