Proteoliposome swelling assays. In each preparation multilamellar liposomes were reconstituted with 200 ng of EcChiP or VhChiP. d-Raffinose was used to determine the isotonic concentrations that produced no change in absorbance at 500 nm of the proteoliposome suspension over 60s. The swelling rate in l-arabinose was set to 100% to obtain normalized swelling rates. The permeability of channels was assumed to be directly proportional to the swelling rate. A, permeation of different types of sugar through EcChiP- and VhChiP-containing proteoliposomes. Differences between the two data sets were evaluated using a t test. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) are marked with an asterisk (*). Values are the means ± S.D., obtained from three-five independent sets of experiments. B, permeation of chitooligosaccharides through EcChiP. Maltodextrins were used as controls. l-Ara, l-arabinose; d-Gal, d-galactose; d-Glu, d-glucose; d-Man, d-mannose; GlcNAc, N-acetylglucosamine; d-Mal, d-maltose; d-Mel, d-melezitose; d-Raf, d-raffinose; GlcNAc2, chitobiose; GlcNAc3, chitotriose; GlcNAc4, chitotetraose; GlcNAc5, chitopentaose; GlcNAc6, chitochexaose; Maltohex, maltohexaose.