TABLE 3.

Coefficient estimates from random-effects models of association of time-varying dietary intake with time-varying indicators of glycemic control from continuous glucose monitoring data in youth with type 1 diabetes over 18 mo (n = 136)¹

	Mean of BG values		SD of BG values		% of BG values >180 mg/dL		% of BG values <70 mg/dL		MAGE
	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P	β ± SE	P
Healthy Eating Index–20052	−0.41 ± 0.15	0.005	−0.21 ± 0.07	0.003	−0.19 ± 0.08	0.01	0.05 ± 0.03	0.12	−0.59 ± 0.20	0.003
Whole plant food density3	−4.35 ± 1.60	0.006	−2.18 ± 0.79	0.006	−2.19 ± 0.82	0.008	0.47 ± 0.32	0.14	−6.74 ± 2.14	0.002
Fiber, g	−2.42 ± 0.62	<0.001	−1.03 ± 0.31	0.001	−1.27 ± 0.32	<0.001	0.20 ± 0.12	0.10	−2.94 ± 0.84	<0.001
Glycemic index4	0.68 ± 0.37	0.06	0.43 ± 0.18	0.02	0.33 ± 0.19	0.08	0.01 ± 0.07	0.89	1.07 ± 0.50	0.03
Carbohydrate, % kcal	−0.66 ± 0.26	0.01	0.02 ± 0.13	0.90	−0.36 ± 0.13	0.007	0.18 ± 0.05	<0.001	0.05 ± 0.35	0.89
Protein, % kcal	0.83 ± 0.54	0.12	0.04 ± 0.27	0.88	0.43 ± 0.28	0.12	−0.15 ± 0.11	0.15	0.10 ± 0.73	0.89
Total sugar, % kcal	−1.23 ± 0.29	<0.001	−0.29 ± 0.14	0.04	−0.63 ± 0.15	<0.001	0.22 ± 0.06	<0.001	−0.66 ± 0.39	0.09
Added sugar	−0.41 ± 0.32	0.20	0.04 ± 0.16	0.81	−0.23 ± 0.17	0.17	0.15 ± 0.06	0.02	0.11 ± 0.43	0.80
Natural sugar	−1.76 ± 0.40	<0.001	−0.63 ± 0.20	0.001	−0.88 ± 0.21	<0.001	0.18 ± 0.08	0.02	−1.50 ± 0.54	0.005
Total fat, % kcal	0.64 ± 0.30	0.03	−0.03 ± 0.15	0.82	0.36 ± 0.16	0.02	−0.21 ± 0.06	0.001	−0.10 ± 0.41	0.81
Saturated fat	0.30 ± 0.59	0.61	−0.25 ± 0.29	0.40	0.23 ± 0.30	0.45	−0.26 ± 0.12	0.03	−0.61 ± 0.80	0.44
Unsaturated fat	0.91 ± 0.41	0.03	0.04 ± 0.21	0.86	0.49 ± 0.21	0.02	−0.23 ± 0.08	0.005	0.04 ± 0.56	0.94

¹Models were controlled for youth age, height, weight, sex, Tanner stage, diabetes duration, regimen, frequency of blood glucose monitoring, physical activity, and treatment assignment. Mean of BG values is the mean of all values across the monitoring period; SD of BG values is the SD of values across the monitoring period (indicator of BG variance); BG >180 mg/dL is an indicator of hyperglycemia; BG <70 mg/dL is an indicator of hypoglycemia; and MAGE is an indicator of BG variance. BG, blood glucose; MAGE, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions.

²Indicates conformance to 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans [minimum = 0 (no conformance); maximum = 100 (complete conformance)].

³Continuous measure representing the total number of cup- or ounce-equivalents per 1000 kcal consumed of whole grains, fruit, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and seeds.

⁴Calculated based on the effect on postprandial glycemia in reference to glucose.