Table 2.
Associations of family characteristics with both child and parent having full-year* insurance, 1998 versus 2008
| 1998
|
2008
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted RR (95 % CI) | Adjusted RR (95 % CI) | Unadjusted RR (95 % CI) | Adjusted RR (95 % CI) | |
| Family income | ||||
| < 200 % FPL | 0.60 (0.56–0.65) | 0.69 (0.63–0.74) | 0.56 (0.51–0.60) | 0.66 (0.61–0.70) |
| 200– < 400 % FPL | 0.87 (0.83–0.91) | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | 0.83 (0.79–0.88) | 0.85 (0.80–0.90) |
| ≥400 % FPL | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Age | ||||
| 0–4 | 0.91 (0.86–0.97) | 0.96 (0.90–1.01) | 0.99 (0.93–1.05) | 1.02 (0.97–1.09) |
| 5–9 | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 0.97 (0.92–1.02) | 1.03 (0.97–1.09) | 1.06 (0.99–1.12) |
| 10–13 | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) | 1.05 (0.99–1.10) | 1.06 (1.00–1.11) |
| 14–17 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Region | ||||
| Northeast | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Midwest | 0.96 (0.90–1.04) | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) | 0.95 (0.88–1.02) |
| South | 0.82 (0.76–0.88) | 0.85 (0.79–0.90) | 0.80 (0.73–0.87) | 0.83 (0.77–0.90) |
| West | 0.87 (0.80–0.95) | 0.93 (0.86–1.00) | 0.88 (0.82–0.95) | 0.95 (0.88–1.04) |
| Health status | ||||
| Excellent/very good/good | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Fair/poor | 0.82 (0.68–0.97) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | 0.95 (0.81–1.10) | 1.05 (0.94–1.18) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Non-white, non-Hispanic | 0.92 (0.86–0.99) | 1.06 (1.00–1.12) | 0.90 (0.86–0.95) | 1.03 (0.98–1.08) |
| Hispanic, any race | 0.65 (0.59–0.73) | 0.86 (0.79–0.93) | 0.61 (0.55–0.69) | 0.80 (0.73–0.87) |
| Family composition | ||||
| One parent in household | 0.79 (0.75–0.85) | 0.90 (0.85–0.95) | 0.75 (0.70–0.81) | + |
| Two parents in household | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Parent education | ||||
| ≥12 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| < 12 years | 0.62 (0.56–0.69) | + | 0.51 (0.44–0.59) | + |
| Parent employment | ||||
| At least one parent employed | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Parent(s) unemployed | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) | + | 0.72 (0.65–0.81) | + |
| Parent education × parent employment (interaction) | ||||
| At least one parent employed | ||||
| Parent education ≥12 years | ^ | 1.00 | ^ | 1.00 |
| Parent education < 12 years | ^ | 0.77 (0.69–0.87) | ^ | 0.74 (0.64–0.85) |
| Parent(s) unemployed | ||||
| Parent education ≥12 years | ^ | 1.00 | ^ | 1.00 |
| Parent education < 12 years | ^ | 1.15 (1.02–1.29) | ^ | 1.03 (0.89–1.19) |
| Family composition × parent employment (interaction) | ||||
| At least one parent employed | ||||
| One parent in household | ^ | # | ^ | 0.85 (0.79–0.92) |
| Two parents in household | ^ | # | ^ | 1.00 |
| Parent(s) unemployed | ||||
| One parent in household | ^ | # | ^ | 1.05 (0.85–1.31) |
| Two parents in household | ^ | # | ^ | 1.00 |
Source: Medical expenditures panel survey-household component (MEPS-HC), 1998–2008
Bold indicates RR significant at p < 0.05
RR relative risk; CI confidence interval, FPL federal poverty level
Full-year insurance status: MEPS-HC assesses insurance coverage status monthly, so we utilized each person’s monthly coverage status to create full-year insurance variables. To be considered insured for the full-year, the child and/or parent(s) had to report having at least 1 day of health insurance coverage in each of 12 months of the calendar year
Main effects for variables that are components of interaction terms are not estimated
Interaction terms not included in unadjusted regression models
Family composition × parent employment interaction was not significant and therefore was not included in the final regression model for 1998