Table 1.
Dependence on e-cigarette or nicotine gum in former smokers, and dependence on tobacco cigarette in two samples of daily smokers enrolled on a stop smoking website and in the general population
| Former smokers | Daily smokers | Former smokers |
Daily e-cig users |
Daily smokers | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||||
| Daily gum users |
Daily e-cig users |
Daily e-cig users |
Internet | Gen. popul. |
Gum users vs e-cig users |
Former smokers vs daily smokers |
E-cig users vs Internet |
E-cig users vs general popul. |
|
| N participants | 451 | 911 | 125 | 2206 | 292 | P value | P value | P value | P value |
| Age (mean) | 44.7 | 40.9 | 44.6 | 37.8 | 40.1 | 0.001 | 0.001 | <.001 | 0.001 |
| Men (%) | 38.6 | 68.9 | 57.1 | 36.8 | 58.4 | 0.001 | 0.010 | <.001 | 0.8 |
| Days since quit smoking (median) |
379 | 147 | -- | -- | -- | <.001 | -- | -- | -- |
| Duration of use of [product] (days, median) |
365 | 152 | 91 | -- | -- | <.001 | 0.019 | -- | -- |
| Minutes to first cigarette of the day, mean |
-- | -- | 34.9 | 41.1 | 93.3 | -- | -- | 0.86 | <.001 |
| Minutes to 1st gum or 1st e-cig of the day |
59.7 | 32.1 | 41.0 | -- | -- | <.001 | 0.12 | -- | -- |
| Cigarettes/day, mean | -- | -- | 11.7 | 20.3 | 16.2 | -- | -- | <.001 | <.001 |
| Puffs per day on e-cigs, mean |
-- | 217 | 140 | -- | -- | -- | 0.001 | -- | -- |
| Self-rated addiction to [product] on a scale of 0–100 (mean) |
70.6 | 63.7 | 44.9 | 84.5 | 68.6 | 0.33 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| CDS (e-CDS, g-CDS), mean | 41.1 | 33.5 | 27.5 | 48.1 | 36.9 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| FTND (e-FTND, g-FTND), mean |
3.4 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 3.2 | <.001 | 0.013 | <.001 | 0.94 |
| NDSS (e-NDSS, g-NDSS) Overall |
−0.45 | −1.21 | −1.33 | −0.26 | -- | <.001 | 0.19 | <.001 | -- |
| NDSS Drive | −0.12 | −1.13 | −1.27 | 0.40 | -- | <.001 | 0.28 | <.001 | -- |
| NDSS Priority | −0.71 | −0.73 | −0.69 | −0.29 | -- | 0.73 | 0.59 | <.001 | -- |
| NDSS Tolerance | −0.84 | −1.15 | −0.98 | −0.48 | -- | 0.022 | 0.16 | 0.007 | -- |
| NDSS Continuity | 0.11 | −0.87 | −0.68 | −0.69 | -- | <.001 | 0.34 | 0.31 | -- |
| NDSS Stereotypy | 0.60 | −0.13 | −0.18 | 0.13 | -- | <.001 | 0.60 | 0.009 | -- |
FTND: range 0 to 10; CDS: range 12 to 60; NDSS: range −4 to +4
Bold: statistically significant values after Holm-Bonferroni adjustment.