Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of acute paraquat- and diquat-related illness cases.
| SENSOR, PISP and IDS (1998–2011)
|
NPDSa (1998 –2003 –2006–2013)
|
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paraquat | Diquat | Paraquat | Diquat | |
|
| ||||
| Variable | Count (%) | Count (%) | Count (%) | Count (%) |
| Total | 300 | 144 | 693 | 2128 |
| Regiona | ||||
| West | 139 (46) | 59 (41) | 200 (29) | 497 (23) |
| Southwest | 106 (35) | 66 (46) | 365 (53) | 833 (39) |
| Midwest | 11 (4) | 16 (11) | 84 (12) | 497 (23) |
| Northwest | 6 (2) | 3 (2) | 44 (6) | 301 (14) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 179 (60) | 91 (63) | 588 (85) | 1188 (56) |
| Female | 30 (10) | 53 (37) | 104 (15) | 932 (44) |
| Unknown | 91 (30) | 0 | 1 (<1) | 8 (<1) |
| Work-related cases | ||||
| Yes | 203 (68) | 42 (29) | 315 (45) | 167 (8) |
| No | 63 (21) | 81 (56) | 371 (54) | 1959 (92) |
| Unknown | 34 (11) | 21 (15) | 7 (1) | 2 (<1) |
| Suicide/near-suicide | ||||
| Yes | 15 (5) | 13 (9) | 12 (2) | 17 (1) |
| No | 271 (90) | 128 (89) | 673 (97) | 2107 (99) |
| Unknown | 3 (1) | 1 (<1) | 8 (1) | 4 (<1) |
| Illness severity | ||||
| Fatal | 24 (8) | 5 (3) | 13 (2) | 3 (<1) |
| High | 19 (6) | 7 (5) | 24 (3) | 14 (1) |
| Moderate | 133 (44) | 15 (10) | 237 (34) | 264 (12) |
| Low | 124 (41) | 117 (81) | 419 (60) | 1847 (87) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| 0–12 | 4 (2) | 14 (10) | 16 (3) | 240 (11) |
| 13–19 | 9 (3) | 12 (8) | 36 (5) | 66 (3) |
| 20–39 | 86 (29) | 39 (27) | 274 (40) | 538 (25) |
| 40–59 | 61 (20) | 39 (27) | 218 (32) | 653 (31) |
| 60 and over | 15 (5) | 19 (13) | 76 (11) | 415 (20) |
| Unknown | 125 (42) | 21 (15) | 73 (11) | 216 (10) |
| Case definition status | ||||
| Definite | 52 (17) | 23 (16) | ||
| Probable | 55 (18) | 34 (24) | ||
| Possible | 71 (24) | 87 (60) | ||
| Exposed to a mixtureb | ||||
| Yes | 50 (17) | 110 (76) | ||
| No | 250 (83) | 34 (24) | ||
| Data system | ||||
| SENSOR-excluding California | 114 (38) | 109 (76) | ||
| California (PISP+SENSOR-CA)c | 62 (21) | 35 (24) | ||
| IDSc | 124 (41) | 0 | ||
| NPDSc | 693 | 2128 | ||
West-Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington; Southeast-Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Puerto Rico, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia; Midwest-Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota, West Virginia, Wisconsin; Northeast-Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Maryland, Massa-chusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont.
Those not exposed to a mixture were only exposed to paraquat or diquat, whereas those exposed to a mixture were exposed to another pesticide in addition to paraquat or diquat.
NDPS=National Poison Data System; PISP=Pesticide Incident Surveillance Program; CA=California; IDS=US Environmental Protection Agency Incident Data System.