Table 1.
Characteristics of CNCs with three surface charge densities. Crystalline plane dimensions and crystallinity for the elementary unit as determined by WAXS, according to the Miller index maximum and the dimensions of the nanoparticles as determined by AFM.
| slightly sulfated CNC-S | medium sulfated CNC-M | highly sulfated CNC-H | |
|---|---|---|---|
| sulfate surface | 0.08 e nm−2 | 0.16 e nm−2 | 0.64 e nm−2 |
| charge density | (0.062 mmol g−1) | (0.248 mmol g−1) | |
| ζ potential (mV) | −30±0.5 | −43±1 | −60±0.7 |
| crystalline elementary unit dimensions | |||
| (1–10) thickness (nm) | 5.1 | 4.4 | 4.1 |
| (110) width (nm) | 5.7 | 6.6 | 5.7 |
| (200) edge (nm) | 6.5 | 6.4 | 6.3 |
| crystallinity (%) | 83 | 82 | 89 |