Table. 3.

A representative list of rBCG vaccines against viral infections.

rBCG vaccine candidates	BCG strain	Antigen gene(s)	Hosts	Key findings	Ref.
HIV vaccines	Pasteur	HIV-1 Gag, RT and Gp120	BALB/c mice	The rBCG vaccines were able to prime the immune system for a boost with rMVA expressing matching antigens, and induced robust, HIV-specific T cell responses to both dominant and subdominant epitopes in the individual proteins, when used as individual vaccines or in a mix.	[11]
	Tokyo	HIV-1 Env V3 peptide	Guinea pigs	Oral vaccination of guinea pigs with freeze-dried rBCG-pSOV3J1 induced high levels of functional T cells specific to HIV-1 antigens in both mucosal and systemic compartments.	[4]
	Pasteur	HIV-1 Env V3- concatamer	BALB/c mice, guinea pigs	The rBCG-mV3 was very efficient in inducing humoral and long-lasting cell-mediated immunity against HIV-1 V3 in immunized mice and guinea pigs.	[201]
	Pasteur	HIV-1 subtype C Gag protein	Chacma baboons	The rBCGpan-Gag priming and Gag VLP boosting regimen induced a broad and polyfunctional central memory T cell response.	[171]
SIV vaccines	Tokyo	SIV Gag	CD1 and C57BL/6 mice	The rBCG-SIV Gag priming-recombinant vaccinia virus boosting protocol elicited long-lasting Gag-specific CD8+ T cells.	[202]
	Pasteur	SIV Gag, Pol	Rhesus monkeys	The rBCG priming and rAd5 boosting protocol elicited SIV-specific T cell responses.	[145]
	Tokyo	SIV Gag	Guinea pigs	The rBCG-SIVgag induced an antigen-specific humoral immune response concomitant with IFN-γ response, even at three years after immunization.	[203]
	Pasteur	SIVmac251 nef, gag and env	Cynomolgus macaques	Mucosal administration of three rBCG induced rectal IgAs and boosted systemic cellular immune responses, which are primed by intradermal vaccination.	[6]
	Pasteur	SIVmac Gag	Rhesus monkeys	The rBCG elicited MHC I-restricted CD8+ SIVmac gag-specific CTL responses.	[204]
HCV vaccines	Tokyo	HCV-non-structure protein 5a (NS5a)	BALB/c × C3H/HeN (CC3HF1) mice	The rBCG elicited MHC I-restricted CD8+ HCV-NS5a-specific CTLs.	[205]
	Tokyo	HCV multi-epitope antigen CtEm	HLA-A2.1 transgenic mice	Immunization with the rBCG-CtEm conferred protection against infection with the recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV-HCV-CNS) in vivo.	[172]
Human metapneumovirus vaccine	Danish	Phosphoprotein from hMPV	BALB/c mice	The rBCG induced protective Th1 immunity and the activation of hMPV-specific T cells that produce IFN-γ and IL-2.	[206]

BCG: bacillus Calmette-Guerin; PPD: purified protein derivative; NMIBC: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.