Table. 4.

A representative list of rBCG vaccines against parasitic infections.

rBCG vaccine candidates	BCG strain	Antigen gene(s)	Hosts	Key findings	Ref.
Plasmodium falciparum vaccines	Glaxo	Circumsporozoite protein (CS)	BALB/c mice	The rBCG-CS was highly efficient in activating long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) for priming of adaptive immunity.	[13;14]
	Japan (Tokyo)	SE22 from the N terminal domain of serine repeat antigen (SERA)	BALB/c mice	The rBCG-SE22 enhanced both humoral and cellular immune responses in mice.	[207]
	Japan (Tokyo)	19kD merozoite surface protein (MSP-1(19))	BALB/c mice	The rBCG expressing the mutated version of MSP-1(19) of P. falciparum induced enhanced humoral and cellular responses.	[208]
Toxoplasma gondii vaccines	N/A	Cyclophilin	BALB/c mice	Both rBCGpMV261-TgCyp and rBCGpMV361-TgCyp elicited Th1 immune responses after i.v. or oral vaccination, and the rBCGpMV361-TgCyP i.v. inoculation resulted in a better protection.	[209]
Echinococcus granulosus vaccines	N/A	Eg95	BALB/c mice	The rBCG-Eg95 induced Th1 response in mice.	[210]
Schistosoma mansoni vaccines	Pasteur	Sm14	BALB/c or Swiss mice	Splenocytes of immunized mice released increased levels of IFN-γ, and one or two doses of rBCG-Sm14 conferred the equivalent protection compared to that obtained by immunization with three doses of rSm14 protein.	[211]
Eimeria maxima vaccines	N/A	Apical membrane antigen1 (AMA1)	Chickens	Intranasal rBCG immunization induced strong humoral and cellular responses directed against homologous E. maxima infection.	[173]

BCG: bacillus Calmette-Guerin; PPD: purified protein derivative; NMIBC: non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.