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. 2016 Jun 24;11(6):e0157805. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157805

Table 2. Thematic summary of quantitative studies.

Variable Nr of Studies % of Quant. Studies % Strong/ Moderate Quality a Sign. Find.b Mix Find.b No Sign. Find.b References
Individual level
Biological sex 37 73% 65% 20 13 4 [4547,5153,55,58,59,6370,73,75,78,81,8589,91,95,96,107,109,110,116,118,121123,125]
Ethnicity/race/immigration 5 12% 83% 3 1 1 [55,58,69,73,107]
Country comparisons 4 8% 50% 3 1 0 [4547,110]
Age (within subject) 3 6% 100% 1 2 0 [59,65,77]
Pubertal development 2 4% 100% 1 0 1 [65,81]
Gender identity and traits 4 10% 50% 2 1 0 [65,73,74,89]
Romantic/sexual behavior 2 4% 100% 0 2 0 [63,108]
Interpersonal level
Parental education/work (proxy for SES) 8 16% 75% 4 4 0 [51,63,81,86,89,91,97,109]
Parental attitudes 12 24% 58% 9 3 0 [52,54,59,62,72,74,75,81,86,97,107,109]
Parental gender roles 2 4% 100% 0 0 2 [52,109]
Sibling characteristics 5 10% 100% 0 5 0 [59,7577,109]
Domestic violence 1 2% 100% 1 0 0 [119]
Peer pressure 1 2% 100% 0 0 1 [107]
Community/societal level
School performance 4 9% 67% 1 2 0 [76,89,91,122]
Sexuality Education 3 6% 0% 3 0 0 [66,116,127]
Media 3 6% 100% 1 2 0 [56,58,89]

a Quality of studies refers to the proportion of studies exploring a particular variable that was rated as strong or moderate quality. For example, 65% of studies exploring differences in gender attitudes by biological sex were rated as strong/moderate quality.

b Number of primary studies that found a significant, mixed or no association with regards to the relationship between gender attitudes and the variable of interest.