Table 2. Thematic summary of quantitative studies.
| Variable | Nr of Studies | % of Quant. Studies | % Strong/ Moderate Quality a | Sign. Find.b | Mix Find.b | No Sign. Find.b | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Individual level | |||||||
| Biological sex | 37 | 73% | 65% | 20 | 13 | 4 | [45–47,51–53,55,58,59,63–70,73,75,78,81,85–89,91,95,96,107,109,110,116,118,121–123,125] |
| Ethnicity/race/immigration | 5 | 12% | 83% | 3 | 1 | 1 | [55,58,69,73,107] |
| Country comparisons | 4 | 8% | 50% | 3 | 1 | 0 | [45–47,110] |
| Age (within subject) | 3 | 6% | 100% | 1 | 2 | 0 | [59,65,77] |
| Pubertal development | 2 | 4% | 100% | 1 | 0 | 1 | [65,81] |
| Gender identity and traits | 4 | 10% | 50% | 2 | 1 | 0 | [65,73,74,89] |
| Romantic/sexual behavior | 2 | 4% | 100% | 0 | 2 | 0 | [63,108] |
| Interpersonal level | |||||||
| Parental education/work (proxy for SES) | 8 | 16% | 75% | 4 | 4 | 0 | [51,63,81,86,89,91,97,109] |
| Parental attitudes | 12 | 24% | 58% | 9 | 3 | 0 | [52,54,59,62,72,74,75,81,86,97,107,109] |
| Parental gender roles | 2 | 4% | 100% | 0 | 0 | 2 | [52,109] |
| Sibling characteristics | 5 | 10% | 100% | 0 | 5 | 0 | [59,75–77,109] |
| Domestic violence | 1 | 2% | 100% | 1 | 0 | 0 | [119] |
| Peer pressure | 1 | 2% | 100% | 0 | 0 | 1 | [107] |
| Community/societal level | |||||||
| School performance | 4 | 9% | 67% | 1 | 2 | 0 | [76,89,91,122] |
| Sexuality Education | 3 | 6% | 0% | 3 | 0 | 0 | [66,116,127] |
| Media | 3 | 6% | 100% | 1 | 2 | 0 | [56,58,89] |
a Quality of studies refers to the proportion of studies exploring a particular variable that was rated as strong or moderate quality. For example, 65% of studies exploring differences in gender attitudes by biological sex were rated as strong/moderate quality.
b Number of primary studies that found a significant, mixed or no association with regards to the relationship between gender attitudes and the variable of interest.