. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 1.

Published in final edited form as: Int J Hum Ecol. 2015 Dec;16(2):45–61. doi: 10.6115/ijhe.2015.16.2.45

Table 1. Means of child behavior problems and family background.

	All		Generations

			1^st/2^nd		3^rd

Variables	Mean/%	SD	Mean/%	SD	Mean/%	SD
N	465		238		227
Behavior problems
Externalizing problems	0.00	1.00	-0.15	0.88	0.16	1.09	^*
Family background
Generation
1^st generation	11%
2^nd generation	40%
3^rd generation	49%
Child age	7.54	2.72	7.54	2.70	7.54	2.74
Girls	49%		55%		43%		^*
Parents' education
Less than high school	40%		59%		21%		^***
High school	23%		17%		30%		^**
Some college or more	36%		24%		50%		^***
Poverty	23%		30%		16%		^***
Family structure & employment
Two parent working	39%		29%		49%		^***
Father working & mother non-working	33%		45%		20%		^***
Mother working & father non-working	2%		3%		2%
No working parents	6%		9%		2%		^**
Single head working	13%		10%		17%		^*
Single head non-working	7%		4%		10%		^*

^***

p < .001,

^**

p < .01,

p < .05,

⁺

p < .10 two-tailed test