Table 4.

Summary of studies assessing the efficacy of bupivacaine-loaded lipid nanoparticle

Author	Study design	Surgery	Intervention/Placebo	Primary end point	Results
Gorfine et al. [54]	Random controlled trial	Hemorrhoidectomy	DepoFoam Bupivacaine 300 mg compared with 0.9 % sodium chloride	Numerical rating score (NRS), AUC 0–72 h	Pain intensity scores were significantly decreased in the extended release bupivacaine group versus placebo (141.8 vs. 202.5, P < 0.001).
Smoot et al. [55]	Random controlled trial	Mammoplasty	DepoFoam bupivacaine 600 mg compared with bupivacaine HCL 200 mg þ epinephrine 1:200,0000	NRS-Activity, AUC 0–72 h	No statistical difference between the groups (AUC NRS-A, 441 vs. 468, P 1⁄4 0.3999).
Golf et al. [29]	Random controlled trial	Bunionectomy	DepoFoam 120 mg compared to 0.9 % sodium chloride	NRS AUC 0–24 h	Pain intensity score was significantly decreased in lipid nanoparticle bupivacaine versus control, 123.9 in DepoFoam versus 146 in placebo, P < 0.0005.
Bramlett et al. [28]	Random controlled trial	Total knee arthroplasty	DepoFoam bupivacaine (133, 266, 399, and 532 mg) compared to bupivacaine HCl 150 mg with epinephrine 1:200,000	NRS-A, AUC 0–96 h	No statically significant difference between all DepoFoam groups versus bupivacaine HCl (P > 0.05).
Cohen et al. [56]	Cohort study	Colectomy	DepoFoam 366 mg compared with postoperative PCA	Total milligrams of opioids consumed after surgery and total cost of hospitalization	Mean total amount of postsurgical opioids significantly less in DepoFoam compared to PCA group (57 vs. 115 mg, P 1⁄4 0.025). Average cost of hospitalization significantly less in DepoFoam versus PCA (US$ 8766 vs. US$ 11,850 P 1⁄4 0.027).