Table 1.
Behavioral characteristics of HIV-SI and primary incidence cohorts
| Variable | Primary HIV Infection N=598 (%) |
HIV Superinfection N N= 85 (%) |
p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median, IQR in years) | 25 (22-29) | 27 (23-30) | 0.02 1 |
|
| |||
| Marital status | 0.10 | ||
| Currently married | 47 (9) | 6 (7) | |
| Widowed | 18 (3) | 5 (6) | |
| Divorced or separated | 368 (61) | 60 (71) | |
| Never married | 165 (27) | 14 (16) | |
|
| |||
| Source of income | 0.66 | ||
| Sex work alone | 184 (31) | 29 (34) | |
| Sex work and other | 387 (65) | 51 (60) | |
| No sex work | 27 (4) | 5 (6) | |
|
| |||
| Number of sexual partners in last month | 0.63 | ||
| None | 50 (8) | 7 (8) | |
| 1-4 | 148 (25) | 22 (26) | |
| 5-19 | 181 (30) | 19 (22) | |
| 20-49 | 135 (23) | 23 (27) | |
| 50+ or can’t remember | 84 (14) | 14 (17) | |
|
| |||
| Condom use with paying clients last month2 | 0.04 | ||
| Consistently | 326 (62) | 37 (49) | |
| Not consistently | 202 (38) | 38 (51) | |
|
| |||
| Ever using alcohol | 0.04 | ||
| No | 144 (24) | 12 (14) | |
| Yes | 454 (76) | 73 (86) | |
|
| |||
| Frequency of alcohol drinking | 0.18 | ||
| Not using | 144 (24) | 12 (14) | |
| Less than once a week | 33 (6) | 5 (6) | |
| At least once a week | 275 (46) | 41 (48) | |
| Daily | 146 (24) | 27 (32) | |
|
| |||
| Use of hormonal contraception | 0.24 | ||
| None or natural methods | 335 (56) | 52 (61) | |
| Oral pill | 59 (10) | 12 (14) | |
| Injectable (Depot) | 148 (25) | 17 (20) | |
| Pregnant | 56 (9) | 4 (5) | |
|
| |||
| HSV2 serology | <0.01 | ||
| Negative | 168 (28) | 7 (8) | |
| Positive | 430 (72) | 78 (92) | |
|
| |||
| Syphilis | 0.008 | ||
| Negative (TPHA−RPR−) | 503 (85) | 61 (72) | |
| Past infection (TPHA+RPR−) | 45 (7) | 14 (16) | |
| Active infection (TPHA+RPR+) | 47 (8) | 10 (12) | |
|
| |||
| N. gonorrhoeae (PCR)3 | 0.005 | ||
| Negative | 543 (91) | 69 (81) | |
| Positive | 54 (9) | 16 (19) | |
|
| |||
| C. trachomatis (PCR)3 | 0.55 | ||
| Negative | 539 (90) | 75 (88) | |
| Positive | 58 (10) | 10 (12) | |
|
| |||
| T. vaginalis (Culture) | <0.01 | ||
| Negative | 517 (86) | 61 (72) | |
| Positive | 81 (14) | 24 (28) | |
|
| |||
| M. genitalium (PCR)4 | 0.40 | ||
| Negative | 524 (88) | 72 (85) | |
| Positive | 72 (12) | 13 (15) | |
|
| |||
| Bacterial vaginosis (Nugent score) | 0.005 | ||
| Negative | 241 (40) | 19 (22) | |
| Intermediate | 55 (9) | 12 (14) | |
| Positive | 302 (51) | 54 (64) | |
|
| |||
| Abnormal vaginal discharge on examination | 0.14 | ||
| No | 254 (42) | 29 (34) | |
| Yes | 344 (58) | 56 (66) | |
|
| |||
| Genital ulcer disease on examination | 0.14 | ||
| No | 566 (95) | 77 (91) | |
| yes | 32 (5) | 8 (9) | |
1
-t-test;
2
-Women not reporting paying clients in the past month are excluded;
3
-1 missing;
4
-2 missing