Table 1.
Participant Characteristics at Baseline by Retinopathy Status among those who Died, Overall and by Sex (N=1763)
| No Retinopathy |
Any Retinopathy |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic at Baseline Exam | All Participants (N=1487) |
Men (N=755) |
Women (N=732) |
All Participants (N=276) |
Men (N=145) |
Women (N=131) |
p-value* |
| Mean Age in years | 79.1 (5.6) | 79.2 (5.6) | 79.0 (5.7) | 79.5 (5.7) | 78.6 (5.6) | 80.4 (5.6) | 0.34 |
| Male | 50.8% (755) | -- | -- | 52.5% (145) | -- | -- | 0.58 |
| Education Level, Completed Secondary or More | 73.9% (1080) | 81.4% (604) | 66.1% (476) | 76.8% (208) | 84.6% (121) | 68.0% (87) | 0.31 |
| Former Smoker | 47.5% (704) | 59.4% (448) | 35.1% (256) | 42.4% (117) | 53.8% (78) | 29.8% (39) | 0.09 |
| Current Smoker | 14.4% (214) | 13.5% (102) | 15.4% (112) | 14.9% (41) | 17.2% (25) | 12.2% (16) | 0.70 |
| Current Alcohol Consumption | 60.4% (891) | 67.1% (504) | 53.5% (387) | 58.7% (162) | 67.6% (98) | 48.9% (64) | 0.62 |
| Hypertension | 83.0% (1233) | 81.9% (618) | 84.1% (615) | 92.4% (255) | 92.4% (134) | 92.4% (121) | < 0.01 |
| Mean Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHG | 73.1 (9.9) | 74.7 (9.6) | 71.4 (9.9) | 74.1 (11.5) | 75.5 (10.5) | 72.6 (12.3) | 0.10 |
| Mean Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHG | 142.8 (21.4) | 141.6 (20.7) | 144.1 (22.1) | 147.5 (22.5) | 148.3 (21.1) | 146.6 (24.1) | < 0.01 |
| Mean Body Mass Index | 26.5 (4.5) | 26.5 (3.9) | 26.4 (5.1) | 26.7 (4.7) | 26.4 (3.9) | 27.1 (5.4) | 0.27 |
| Self-Reported Health Status, Poor | 8.6% (128) | 7.2% (54) | 10.1% (74) | 12.4% (34) | 9.0% (13) | 16.0% (21) | 0.04 |
| Cognitive Status, Impaired | 24.5% (357) | 27.4% (203) | 21.5% (154) | 29.5% (79) | 25.5% (36) | 33.9% (43) | 0.12 |
| Walking Disability | 28.2% (418) | 25.4% (192) | 31.0% (226) | 31.5% (87) | 24.8% (36) | 38.9% (51) | 0.36 |
| Median Number of Medications (Range) | 4.0 (0–19) | 4.0 (0–15) | 4.0 (0–19) | 5.0 (0–15) | 5.0 (0–15) | 6.0 (0–14) | < 0.01 |
| Mean High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.6 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.7 (0.5) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.5) | 1.6 (0.4) | 0.35 |
| Mean Total Cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.5 (1.2) | 5.1 (1.0) | 5.9 (1.2) | 5.3 (1.1) | 5.0 (1.1) | 5.7 (1.1) | 0.03 |
| History of Angina, by Self-Report | 17.9% (258) | 20.9% (152) | 14.9% (106) | 21.1% (56) | 19.9% (28) | 22.6% (28) | 0.22 |
| History of Cardiovascular Disease, by Self-Report | 30.1% (446) | 38.4% (289) | 21.5% (157) | 32.4% (89) | 34.0% (49) | 30.5% (40) | 0.48 |
| Record of Clinical Cardiovascular Event | 19.8% (293) | 28.6% (215) | 10.7% (78) | 22.3% (61) | 28.0% (40) | 16.2% (21) | 0.37 |
| Clinical Strokea | 15.9% (236) | 16.2% (122) | 15.6% (114) | 22.3% (61) | 21.7% (31) | 23.1% (30) | 0.01 |
| HbA1c ≥ 6.5% | 6.0% (82) | 7.0% (49) | 4.9% (33) | 15.0% (38) | 18.3% (25) | 11.1% (13) | < 0.01 |
| Diabetes Mellitusb | 10.9% (162) | 13.3% (100) | 8.5% (62) | 27.5% (76) | 31.7% (46) | 22.9% (30) | < 0.01 |
| Microalbuminuriac | 12.1% (176) | 16.5% (122) | 7.5% (54) | 27.1% (72) | 31.2% (44) | 22.4% (28) | < 0.01 |
| Chronic Kidney Diseased | 37.7% (561) | 31.8% (240) | 43.9% (321) | 49.6% (137) | 41.4% (60) | 58.8% (77) | < 0.01 |
| Cerebral Microbleeds | 14.8% (187) | 17.8% (112) | 11.8% (75) | 18.7% (44) | 20.5% (26) | 16.7% (18) | 0.16 |
| Mean Total Brain Tissue Volume (corrected for intracranial volume) |
70.1 (4.1) | 68.8 (4.1) | 71.4 (3.7) | 69.7 (4.0) | 68.6 (4.1) | 70.9 (3.5) | 0.43 |
| Brain Infarcts, Single | 17.2% (222) | 19.4% (125) | 15.0% (97) | 20.3% (48) | 22.1% (28) | 18.4% (20) | 0.15 |
| Brain Infarcts, Multiple (≥ 2) | 23.4% (302) | 29.9% (193) | 16.9% (109) | 27.1% (64) | 33.9% (43) | 19.3% (21) | 0.14 |
Data are presented as % (N) or mean (SD) except where noted as median (range). All-cause mortality was assessed through 27 September 2013.
Comparisons are between retinopathy and no retinopathy group for all participants, adjusted for age and sex.
Clinical stroke was defined as having a stroke, as determined from hospital records, before entry to or during the AGES study up to 31 December 2012.
Diabetes mellitus was defined as the self-reported history of diabetes, use of glucose-modifying medications, or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%.
Microalbuminuria was defined as a urine albumin: creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥ 30 mg/g.
Chronic kidney disease was defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 ml/min/1.73m2.
Other variables, including marital status, physical activity level, depressive symptomology, self-reported history of falls, hearing impairment, cod liver oil use, antidepressant use, aspirin use, glucose level, vitamin D level, self-reported history of cancer or arthritis, hand osteoarthritis, and coronary calcium were also considered, but due to the lack of significance in preliminary analyses, were not included.