Table 3.
Cox Proportional Hazards Regression Models of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease Related Mortality by Retinopathy Status and Microalbuminuria, Overall and by Sex and Diabetes Status
| All-Cause Mortality |
Cardiovascular Disease - Related Mortality |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All Participants (N=4953) | All Participants (HR and 95% CI)a |
Men (HR and 95% CI)a |
Women (HR and 95% CI)a |
All Participants (HR and 95% CI)b |
Men (HR and 95% CI)b |
Women (HR and 95% CI)b |
| No Retinopathy & No Microalbuminuria (N=4018, 41.1% male) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| No Retinopathy & Microalbuminuria (N=334, 63.5% male) | 1.32 (1.10, 1.58)** | 1.34 (1.07, 1.68)* | 1.37 (0.99, 1.88) | 1.42 (0.97, 2.08) | 1.35 (0.82, 2.21) | 1.54 (0.81, 2.92) |
| Retinopathy & No Microalbuminuria (N=505, 42.4% male) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.27) | 1.20 (0.94, 1.52) | 0.98 (0.77, 1.25) | 1.15 (0.80, 1.68) | 1.29 (0.75, 2.22) | 1.09 (0.65, 1.84) |
| Retinopathy & Microalbuminuria (N=96, 61.5% male) | 1.70 (1.30, 2.23)** | 2.06 (1.44, 2.94)** | 1.32 (0.86, 2.03) | 2.04 (1.27, 3.28)** | 4.12 (2.21, 7.68)** | 0.87 (0.37, 2.02) |
| Participants without Diabetes (N=4453) | ||||||
| No Retinopathy & No Microalbuminuria (N=3712, 40.6% male) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| No Retinopathy & Microalbuminuria (N=273, 61.2% male) | 1.34 (1.10, 1.64)** | 1.44 (1.12, 1.84)** | 1.24 (0.87, 1.78) | 1.83 (1.23, 2.71)** | 1.82 (1.09, 3.04)* | 1.91 (0.99, 3.69) |
| Retinopathy & No Microalbuminuria (N=410, 40.7% male) | 1.07 (0.89, 1.29) | 1.29 (0.99, 1.67) | 0.91 (0.69, 1.18) | 1.14 (0.76, 1.71) | 1.29 (0.72, 2.33) | 1.10 (0.63, 1.91) |
| Retinopathy & Microalbuminuria (N=58, 53.5% male) | 1.52 (1.08, 2.14)* | 1.81 (1.11, 2.96)* | 1.32 (0.81, 2.17) | 1.74 (0.95, 3.19) | 2.48 (1.00, 6.13)* | 1.38 (0.59, 3.21) |
| Participants with Diabetes (N=500) | ||||||
| No Retinopathy & No Microalbuminuria (N=306, 47.4% male) | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] |
| No Retinopathy & Microalbuminuria (N=61, 73.8% male) | 1.23 (0.78, 1.95) | 0.94 (0.53, 1.68) | 2.23 (0.95, 5.21) | 0.58 (0.15, 2.26) | 0.36 (0.06, 2.22) | 3.92 (0.02, 7.55) |
| Retinopathy & No Microalbuminuria (N=95, 49.5% male) | 1.14 (0.74, 1.76) | 0.83 (0.43, 1.59) | 1.50 (0.81, 2.79) | 1.27 (0.45, 3.55) | 0.71 (0.14, 3.76) | 3.44 (0.60, 9.18) |
| Retinopathy & Microalbuminuria (N=38, 73.7% male) | 2.01 (1.22, 3.31)** | 2.06 (1.11, 3.80)* | 1.86 (0.64, 5.43) | 5.24 (1.91, 14.42)** | 11.03 (3.10, 39.29)** | 2.75 (0.08, 9.83) |
HR=hazard ratio; CI=confidence interval;
p-value < 0.05;
p-value < 0.01.
Microalbuminuria was defined as a urine albumin: creatinine ratio (UACR) ≥ 30 mg/g. Diabetes mellitus was defined as the self-reported history of diabetes, use of glucose-modifying medications, or HbA1c ≥ 6.5%.
All-cause mortality was assessed through 27 September 2013, and analyses adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, BMI, hypertension, diabetes (for all participants), self-reported health status, cognitive status, walking disability, number of medications, serum total cholesterol, clinical stroke, chronic kidney disease, cerebral microbleeds, total brain tissue volume, and brain infarcts.
Cardiovascular disease related mortality was assessed through 31 December 2009, and analyses adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, BMI, hypertension, diabetes (for all participants), self-reported health status, cognitive status, walking disability, number of medications, serum total cholesterol, clinical stroke, chronic kidney disease, cerebral microbleeds, total brain tissue volume, brain infarcts, self-reported history of angina or cardiovascular disease.