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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 27.
Published in final edited form as: Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2016 Apr 27;172(2):146–154. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31491

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Axial skeletal phenotypes of Nipbl+/−; Bmp4+/− mice. (A) Examples of rib fusion (asterisks), involving ribs 3 and 4 (on right and left) and ribs 5 and 6 (on the right side). (B) Misalignment of ribs at the sternum. (C) Minor anomalies such as blunting/squaring of rib ends and floating ribs (arrowheads and inset). Fusion of ribs 6 and 7 (on left side of sternum) is also observed in this case. (D) Lateral protrusions (arrowhead, dashed line), suggestive of costal rib bridging, were also observed. (E) Nipbl+/− and Nipbl+/−; Bmp4+/− mice on a hybrid CD1/C57Bl6 background often had an extra (14th) pair of stunted ribs (black arrows). (F) Bifurcated neural arches of the C2 cervical vertebra (yellow arrowhead) were observed in 4 of 6 Nipbl+/−; Bmp4+/− mice on CD1 background.