Table 1.

Range in flowering time variation (days) under elevated CO₂ and warming temperature at species to ecosystem level.

Group/Species	Delay (+) or advancement (−) in flowering time
	e[CO2]	Warming	References	Duration#
Annual grasses	0 to +6	−2 to −4	Cleland et al., 2006	2000–2002
Annual forb	−2 to −4	−2 to −3	Cleland et al., 2006	2000–2002
Biennial forb	+4	+1	Cleland et al., 2006	2000-2002
Phlox drummondii (annual)	−2 to −4	−	Garbutt and Bazzaz, 1984	1980–1982
Temperate grassland	0	−3 to −19	Hovenden et al., 2008	2004–2007
Asteraceae (Herb)	−4	−	Johnston and Reekie, 2008	2004
Upland grassland ecosystem	0	−11 to −15	Bloor et al., 2010	2006–2007
Alien and native species of British Isles	−	−6 to −8	Hulme, 2011	1970–2000
Grassland nectar plants	−8 to +2	−	Rusterholz and Erhardt, 1998	NA*
C4 weeds	−11 to −15	−	Potvin and Strain, 1985	NA
Annuals	−9 to +16	−	Garbutt et al., 1990; Reekie and Bazzaz, 1991; Leishman et al., 1999	1984; 1994; NA
Desert shrubs	−	−20 to −41	Bowers, 2007	1894–2004
North American spring flowering species	−	−7	Miller-Rushing and Primack, 2008	1852–1858, 1878, 1888–1902, 2003–2006
Boreal trees	−	−3 to −11	Linkosalo et al., 2009	1846–2005
405 flowering plant species, UK	−	−2 to −13	Amano et al., 2010	1753–2003
Spring wheat	−1 to −3	−	Marc and Gifford, 1984	NA
Sunflower	−1 to −3	−	Marc and Gifford, 1984	NA
Spring wheat	−	−7 to −18	Olesen et al., 2012	1985–2009
Winter wheat	−	−4 to −14	Olesen et al., 2012	1985–2009
Spring oat	−	−6 to −17	Olesen et al., 2012	1985–2009
Maize	−	−3 to −21	Olesen et al., 2012	1985–2009
Soybean (Glycine max)	−2 to +11	−	Heinemann et al., 2006; Bunce, 2015	NA; 2013
Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)	+8 to +9	−	Sreeharsha et al., 2015	2012–2013
Rice	−7	−	Seneweera et al., 1994	NA
Jatropa curcas (Biofuel)	−8 to 10	−	Kumar et al., 2014	2011–2013

Information on the type of individual species is provided in Table S1.

^#Duration of experiment conducted/duration for which data adopted for the analysis

^*NA, not available