Table 1.
Sociodemographic correlates of pain.
| Variables | N (participants who reported pain) | % | Odds ratio∗ | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 560 | 19.49 | ||||
| Age group | |||||
| 60–74 | 331 | 18.2 | Ref | ||
| 75–84 | 151 | 23.8 | 1.3 | (0.9, 1.9) | 0.126 |
| 85+ | 78 | 25.9 | 1.3 | (0.8, 2.9) | 0.286 |
|
| |||||
| Gender | |||||
| Males | 183 | 15.2 | Ref | ||
| Females | 377 | 23.0 | 1.8 | (1.2, 2.7) | 0.003 |
|
| |||||
| Ethnicity | |||||
| Chinese | 163 | 17.9 | Ref | ||
| Indians | 222 | 30.9 | 2.4 | (1.8, 3.0) | <0.001 |
| Malay | 162 | 23.0 | 1.4 | (1.0, 1.9) | 0.019 |
| Others | 13 | 39.0 | 3.4 | (1.6, 7.5) | 0.002 |
|
| |||||
| Marital status | |||||
| Married/cohabiting | 319 | 18.8 | Ref | ||
| Divorced/separated | 32 | 26.3 | 1.6 | (0.8, 2.9) | 0.159 |
| Never married | 26 | 16.7 | 0.9 | (0.5, 1.7) | 0.729 |
| Widowed | 183 | 21.1 | 0.7 | (0.5, 1.1) | 0.136 |
|
| |||||
| Education | |||||
| Completed tertiary education | 44 | 14.6 | Ref | ||
| None | 110 | 22.8 | 1.5 | (0.8, 2.9) | 0.199 |
| Completed primary education | 144 | 16.7 | 1.2 | (0.7, 2.1) | 0.547 |
| Some, but did not complete primary education | 143 | 25.5 | 2.0 | (1.1, 3.6) | 0.018 |
| Completed secondary education | 117 | 16.7 | 1.2 | (0.7, 2.1) | 0.629 |
|
| |||||
| Employment | |||||
| Paid work (part-time and fulltime) | 118 | 15.7 | Ref | ||
| Homemaker | 209 | 22.6 | 1.0 | (0.6, 1.6) | 0.970 |
| Retired | 221 | 21.3 | 1.3 | (0.1, 1.1) | 0.138 |
| Unemployed | 5 | 16.3 | 1.1 | (0.3, 4.4) | 0.907 |
∗Odds ratio was derived from logistic regression by controlling for all the correlates.