Table 3.
Association of epidemiological and clinical variables with outcome (N = 106).
| Variable | Survivors | Nonsurvivors | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | |||
| Mean ± SD (years) | 43.1 ± 17.8 | 57.8 ± 16.8 | 0.001 |
| <60 years | 66 (84.6%) | 12 (15.4%) | 0.001 |
| ≥60 years | 15 (53.6%) | 13 (46.4%) | |
|
| |||
| Gender | |||
| Male | 69 (81.2%) | 16 (18.8%) | 0.02 |
| Female | 12 (57.1%) | 9 (42.9%) | |
|
| |||
| Ethnicity | |||
| Qatari | 20 (64.5%) | 11 (35.5%) | 0.338 |
| African | 11 (78.6%) | 3 (21.4%) | |
| Indian subcontinent | 38 (80.9%) | 9 (19.1%) | |
| Southeast Asians | 5 (100%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Others | 7 (77.8%) | 2 (22.2%) | |
|
| |||
| Number of comorbidities | |||
| 0 | 53 (91.4%) | 5 (8.6%) | 0.001 |
| 1 | 7 (53.8%) | 6 (46.2%) | |
| ≥2 | 21 (60%) | 14 (40%) | |
|
| |||
| Comorbidities | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 18 (60%) | 12 (40%) | 0.012 |
| Without diabetes mellitus | 63 (82.9%) | 13 (17.1%) | |
| Hypertension | 20 (55.6%) | 16 (44.4%) | 0.001 |
| Without hypertension | 61 (87.1%) | 9 (12.9%) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 9 (60%) | 6 (40%) | 0.106 |
| Without cardiovascular disease | 72 (79.1%) | 19 (20.9%) | |
| Renal disease | 4 (57.1%) | 3 (42.9%) | 0.214 |
| Without renal disease | 77 (77.8%) | 22 (22.2%) | |
| Neurological condition | 4 (57.1%) | 3 (42.9%) | 0.214 |
| Without neurological condition | 77 (77.8%) | 22 (22.2%) | |
| Respiratory disease | 4 (40%) | 6 (60%) | 0.004 |
| Without respiratory disease | 77 (80.2%) | 19 (19.8%) | |
| Hepatic disease | 4 (50%) | 4 (50%) | 0.067 |
| Without hepatic disease | 77 (78.6%) | 21 (21.4%) | |
| Malignancy | 4 (80%) | 1 (20%) | 0.847 |
| Without malignancy | 77 (76.2%) | 24 (23.8%) | |
|
| |||
| Associated factor | |||
| Smoker | 11 (55%) | 9 (45%) | 0.012 |
| Nonsmoker | 70 (81.4%) | 16 (18.6%) | |
|
| |||
| Functional status | |||
| Ambulatory | 77 (79.4%) | 20 (20.6%) | 0.018 |
| Bed bound | 4 (44.4%) | 5 (55.6%) | |
|
| |||
| Admitting ICU | |||
| Medical ICU | 13 (48.1%) | 14 (51.9%) | 0.001 |
| Surgical ICU | 19 (70.4%) | 8 (29.6%) | |
| Trauma ICU | 49 (94.2%) | 3 (5.8%) | |
|
| |||
| Source of admission | |||
| Emergency room | 61 (88.4%) | 8 (11.6%) | 0.001 |
| Ward (medical/surgical) | 12 (46.2%) | 14 (53.8%) | |
| Operating room | 2 (50%) | 2 (50%) | |
| Other hospitals | 6 (85.7%) | 1 (14.3%) | |
|
| |||
| Admission diagnosis | |||
| Head trauma | 12 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0.001 |
| Polytrauma | 36 (92.3%) | 3 (7.7%) | |
| Respiratory failure | 6 (42.9%) | 8 (57.1%) | |
| Sepsis | 8 (66.7%) | 4 (33.3%) | |
| Neurological disease | 12 (60%) | 8 (40%) | |
| Cardiovascular disease | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | |
| Intra-abdominal disease | 5 (100%) | 0 (0%) | |
| Miscellaneous | 1 (50%) | 1 (50%) | |
|
| |||
| SOFA score on admission (mean ± SD) | 6.2 ± 3.2 | 7.5 ± 3.6 | 0.08 |
|
| |||
| Duration of mechanical ventilation before developing VAP (days) (mean ± SD) | 11.9 ± 9.7 | 12.0 ± 9.1 | 0.95 |
|
| |||
| Onset of VAP | |||
| Early (≤4 days) | 16 (80%) | 4 (20%) | 0.675 |
| Late (>4 days) | 65 (75.6%) | 21 (24.4%) | |
|
| |||
| Inappropriate antibiotic therapy | 9 (11.3%) | 14 (58.3%) | 0.001 |