Table 3. GLMM for the total number of birds at bird-feeders in relation to temperature, habitat (urban or rural), presence of a novel object, density of all bird species, number of cats, number of dogs, number of pedestrians and the interaction between habitat and presence of a novel object as fixed effects.

Effects	Estimate	SE	z	P	Effect size
Intercept	0.978	0.284	3.446	0.0006
Novel object	−0.270	0.075	−3.589	<0.0001	0.284
Temperature	−0.003	0.008	−0.353	0.724	0.028
Habitat: Urban	0.270	0.077	3.514	0.0004	0.278
Early or late trial	0.107	0.085	1.251	0.211	0.099
Density of birds	0.113	0.010	11.800	<0.0001	0.933
No. cats	0.217	0.028	7.802	<0.0001	0.617
No. dogs	−0.225	0.023	−9.724	<0.0001	0.769
No. pedestrians	0.005	0.002	1.986	0.047	0.157
Habitat * Novel object	0.276	0.099	2.783	0.005	0.220

City was used as a random effect with a variance of 0.94 and a standard deviation of 0.97. The number of observations was 160 and the number of cities 14. Effect size is the z-transformed Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient. Statistically significant terms are shown in bold font.