Table 1. Baseline parameters of study participants according to the MetS status at follow-up.
| Characteristic | Male (n = 66) |
Female (n = 87) |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| non-MetS | MetS | p | non-MetS | MetS | p | |
| N (%) | 48 (72.7) | 18 (27.3) | 77 (88.5) | 10 (11.5) | ||
| Age (years) | 51.1 ± 7.9 | 50.8 ± 7.2 | 0.899 | 51.6 ± 6.0 | 49.3 ± 5.7 | 0.261 |
| Current/former smoke n(%) | 21 (43.8) | 4 (22.2) | 0.187 | 22 (28.6) | 4 (40.0) | 0.707 |
| Alcohol drinking n(%) | 28 (58.3) | 10 (55.6) | 1.000 | 34 (44.2) | 7 (70.0) | 0.229 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.4 ± 2.6 | 26.3 ± 2.9 | 0.000 | 23.1 ± 2.5 | 25.0 ± 2.6 | 0.036 |
| WC (cm) | 83.6 ± 7.5 | 91.7 ± 8.9 | 0.000 | 78.4 ± 6.5 | 83.7 ± 9.4 | 0.024 |
| WHR | 0.88 ± 0.05 | 0.92 ± 0.06 | 0.004 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.86 ± 0.05 | 0.266 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 121.9 ± 13.5 | 124.3 ± 11.0 | 0.499 | 116.1 ± 12.5 | 121.1 ± 13.1 | 0.239 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 78.9 ± 8.6 | 81.5 ± 8.7 | 0.285 | 74.5 ± 8.4 | 80.0 ± 7.9 | 0.053 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.20 ± 0.46 | 5.39 ± 0.39 | 0.120 | 5.26 ± 0.44 | 5.27 ± 0.32 | 0.937 |
| 2hPG (mmol/L) | 5.75 ± 1.61 | 6.78 ± 1.45 | 0.020 | 6.93 ± 1.54 | 6.28 ± 0.95 | 0.197 |
| FINS (mIU/L) | 16.79 ± 11.11 | 11.13 ± 5.54 | 0.051 | 17.37 ± 6.38 | 15.83 ± 6.66 | 0.493 |
| HbA1c (%) | 5.55 ± 0.33 | 5.51 ± 0.51 | 0.687 | 5.81 ± 0.44 | 5.76 ± 0.44 | 0.747 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.4 (1.2–2.0) | 0.025 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 1.4 (1.0–1.6) | 0.353 |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.73 ± 0.89 | 5.22 ± 1.01 | 0.058 | 5.11 ± 1.01 | 5.04 ± 0.87 | 0.846 |
| HDL-c (mmol/L) | 1.37 ± 0.30 | 1.28 ± 0.30 | 0.306 | 1.63 ± 0.41 | 1.38 ± 0.25 | 0.066 |
| LDL-c (mmol/L) | 2.92 ± 0.80 | 3.45 ± 0.73 | 0.017 | 3.03 ± 0.81 | 3.27 ± 0.74 | 0.366 |
| ALT (U/L) | 23 ± 12 | 32 ± 31 | 0.095 | 17 ± 8 | 20 ± 16 | 0.546 |
| AST(U/L) | 22 ± 8 | 26 ± 13 | 0.080 | 20 ± 6 | 21 ± 8 | 0.669 |
| GGT (U/L) | 31 ± 18 | 36 ± 14 | 0.321 | 21 ± 14 | 25 ± 17 | 0.422 |
| Log(HOMA-IR) (units) | 0.52 ± 0.29 | 0.36 ± 0.23 | 0.022 | 0.58 ± 0.16 | 0.53 ± 0.22 | 0.419 |
| Subcutaneous fat (cm2) | 108.83 ± 45.49 | 144.44 ± 43.21 | 0.006 | 171.63 ± 55.64 | 197.01 ± 54.05 | 0.177 |
| Visceral fat (cm2) | 68.92 ± 40.29 | 113.89 ± 61.75 | 0.001 | 54.35 ± 23.46 | 70.35 ± 25.43 | 0.048 |
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; WHR, waist-hip ratio; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2hPG, two-hour postprandial plasma glucose; FINS, fasting insulin; HDL-c, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate transaminase; GGT, glutamyl transpeptidase.