Table 2. Prevalence Estimates of Substance Use Behaviors as a Function of Age of Onset and Duration of Stimulant Medication Therapy for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Non-Stimulant Medication Therapy for ADHD Only, and Population Controls.
| Past two-week binge drinking | Past-month cigarette smoking | Past-year marijuana use | Past-year cocaine use | Past-year any substance use | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % | % | % | % | % | |
| Stimulant medication therapy onset for ADHD during preschool / early elementary (aged 9 or younger) | |||||
| 6 years or more duration (n = 596) | 22.1 | 21.4 | 35.3 | 5.2 | 68.5 |
| 3-5 years duration (n = 237) | 32.2 | 25.0 | 41.5 | 6.4 | 72.6 |
| 2 years or less duration (n = 409) | 39.2 | 32.8 | 44.0 | 9.9 | 71.6 |
| Stimulant medication therapy onset for ADHD during late elementary / middle school (aged 10-14 years) | |||||
| 6 years or more duration (n = 268) | 28.5 | 25.8 | 45.1 | 8.6 | 74.8 |
| 3-5 years duration (n = 390) | 38.1 | 39.1 | 58.0 | 10.6 | 78.0 |
| 2 years or less duration (n = 482) | 38.3 | 38.1 | 59.0 | 12.2 | 80.7 |
| Stimulant medication therapy onset for ADHD during high school (aged 15 or older) | |||||
| 3 years or more duration (n = 263) | 41.1 | 34.9 | 51.1 | 14.8 | 74.7 |
| 2 years or less duration (n = 934) | 41.2 | 36.3 | 59.1 | 10.2 | 85.6 |
| Non-stimulant medication therapy for ADHD only (n = 1,332) | 30.8 | 29.7 | 42.0 | 7.8 | 74.8 |
| Population controls (non-ADHD and unmedicated ADHD) (n = 35,447) | 22.4 | 16.4 | 31.5 | 3.0 | 65.0 |
| Design-Adjusted Rao-Scott Test | P < .0001 | P < .0001 | P < .0001 | P < .0001 | P < .0001 |
Note: Source: The Monitoring the Future study, 2005-2014, N=40,358. Past-year any substance use consisted of any past-year use of alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, LSD, other hallucinogens, heroin, nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, nonmedical use of prescription opioids, nonmedical use of prescription sedatives, nonmedical use of prescription tranquilizers, and/or cigarette smoking (past-month).