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Schematic model depicting the IFN-γ–mediated LAP-like process against liver-stage P. vivax. P. vivax sporozoites actively invade human hepatocytes and then reside within the parasitophorous vacuoles. IFN-γ treatment leads to the decoration of the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) with host LC3, in a process involving Beclin 1, PI3K, and Atg5. The LC3-decorated PVMs then fuse with lysosomes, which kills the parasite.
