Figure 1:

Serum sodium [Na⁺] (A), serum chloride [Cl⁻] (B) and serum osmolality (C) of Arctic grayling and rainbow trout exposed to freshwater (control; FW) and 17 ppt saline water at 24 and 96 h. Grayling and trout demonstrating significant increases in serum ions and osmolality at 24 h, and by 96 h serum concentrations were further elevated in grayling, but rainbow trout levels returned near to or were at control values. Grayling (grey bars) and rainbow trout (black bars) values are means + SEM, while dissimilar letters demonstrate significance using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons. Capital letters denote grayling significance in comparison to grayling freshwater, whereas lowercase letters denote rainbow trout significance (n = 8, P < 0.05, one-way ANOVA).