Table 1.

Absolute and relative indications for early surgery ^a

Absolute  Associated injury  >50% rotator cuff tear  Glenoid osseous defect >25%  Humeral head articular surface osseous defect >25%  Proximal humerus fracture requiring surgery  Irreducible dislocation  Interposed tissue or nonconcentric reduction  Failed trial of rehabilitation  Inability to tolerate shoulder restrictions  Inability to perform sport-specific drills without instability

Relative  >2 shoulder dislocations during the season  Overhead or throwing athletes  Contact sport athletes  Injury near the end of the season  Age <20 years

^aReprinted with permission from Owens et al.²¹