Extended Data Fig. 10.

Germ-free mice have negligible endogenous short-chain fatty acid production. (a) Ratio of tissue/plasma ¹³C acetate in mice fed ¹³C bicarbonate. (b), (c) Plasma and tissue propionate concentrations. In all panels, *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001 vs. CONV-D mice on the same diet. (d) Plasma ¹³C propionate enrichment. (e), (f) Plasma and tissue butyrate. (g) Plasma ¹³C butyrate enrichment. (h), (i) Liver and muscle diacylglycerol concentrations. In all panels, data are the mean ± S.E.M. of n=9 (GF) or n=10 (CONV-D) mice per group, with comparisons by the two-tailed unpaired Student’s t-test.