Fig 2. Toxicity of aerosol exposure on macrophages occurs with exposure to both fuel types.

(a) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays were performed on cellular medium after exposure to complete aerosol and filtered aerosols (without particles). DF dilution was 1:40, while HFO dilution was 1:100 in order to obtain comparable particle levels. Blank represents cell free medium, used as a negative control. Triton represents cells lysed with Triton, used as a positive control. Levels represent the mean of three biological replicates (*** = p < 0.001. Error bars represent s.e.m.) (b) Density plot of Log2 fold change distribution of regulated proteins of RAW 264.7 cells in response to DF and HFO particles. RAW 264.7 cells show broadening of the protein regulation in response to DF particles (blue) in comparison to HFO particles (red), which indicates higher amount of regulated proteins in DF treated samples.