Fig 6. HFO particles induce activation of immune response in RAW 264.7 macrophages.

(a) The Gene Ontology term GO:0006955, corresponding to activation of immune response, was found to be significantly up-regulated in HFO-treated samples (p = 0.059) and not regulated in the DF-treated samples. (b) Model of how the regulated proteins found in this study affect the NF-kB immune response pathway in the cell. Stimulation of the toll-like receptor (TLR2) leads to activation of NF-kB. Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 8-like protein 2 (TNFAIP8L2) acts as a negative regulator of TLR2, preventing hyperresponsiveness of the immune system, and inhibiting NF-kappa-B activation. Peroxiredoxin 2 (Pdrx2) reduces hydrogen peroxide, inhibiting NF-kappa-B activation.