Table 3.
Characteristics of studies reporting general pain in HD patients
| Study | Painful condition studied | Prevalence of general pain (%) | Pain-intensity measurement tool | Pain-intensity results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Barakzoy and Moss15 | Current pain of all types at the time of survey | 54 | SF-MPQ (VAS) | Current pain Moderate or severe: 86% Initial pain Severe: 76% |
| Bouattar et al36 | Chronic pain of all types (duration above 3 months) | 50.7 | Descriptive verbal scale | Chronic pain Low: 3% Moderate: 41% Severe: 44 Very severe: 12% |
| Calls et al43 | Intradialytic and chronic pain of all types (definition of chronic pain not reported) | During the session: 92.5 Off-session: 77.7 |
VAS, MPQ, PMI | Intradialytic vs chronic pain VAS: 3.28±2.22 vs 2.67±2.13 PMI: 0.81±0.76 vs −0.12±0.94) MPQ: similar in both situations |
| Davison14 | Chronic pain of all types, (duration above 3 months), pain during past 24 hours, current pain | 50 | BPI, MPQ | Previous 24 hours Mild (0–4): 17.5 Moderate (5–6): 27.2 Severe (7–10): 55.3 (BPI 7.03±2.40) Current Mild: 44.7 Moderate: 28.2 Severe: 55.3 (BPI 4.99±2.96) MPQ PRI 22.2±13.8, PPI 2.6±1.6, NWC 8.7±5.2 |
| Davison et al82 | Chronic pain of all types (duration above 3 months) | 50.2 | BPI | Moderate or severe: 41.4% |
| Davison et al83 | Dialysis patients’ symptom burden, including pain (time frame for reporting pain not reported) | 72.4 | mESAS | Moderate or severe: 46.5% |
| Armendáriz et al44 Er et al85 | Evaluation of pain before, during, and after dialysis Instant pain (24 hours), acute (>3 days), and chronic (>3 months) |
71.4 63.1 A: 26 C: 33 |
VAS MMPQ |
VAS results not reported Not specified whether instant or chronic Mild: 28.3 Disturbing: 23.3 Severe: 31.7 Very severe: 10 Intolerable: 6.7 |
| Gamondi et al87 | Pain during the past 4 weeks | 66 | VAS and BPI | Previous 4 weeks Mild: 17% Moderate: 21% Intense: 61% At the time of interview No pain: 68% Mild: 16% Moderate: 8.5% Intense: 6% |
| Golan et al52 | Chronic pain (duration above 3 months) | 51 | BPI | Chronic pain Mild: 49% Moderate: 31.4% Severe: 19.6% |
| Harris et al89 | Pain during HD treatment (excluding needle insertion) and at times between dialysis treatment (nondialysis days) during past months | HD: 30.7 Off HD: 44.1 |
Modified MPQ | During dialysis: 2.1±3.5 Highest level of pain: 3.9% Between dialyses: 3.1±3.8 Highest level of pain: 7.9% |
| Kimmel et al92 | Symptoms of patients on HD, including pain (time frame for reporting pain not reported) | 21 | Not measured | NA |
| Mercadante et al32 | Chronic pain (IASP 1986 criteria) | 48 | NRS | 5.59±1.63 (95% CI 5.12–6.03) |
| Rodriguez Calero et al46 | Intradialysis pain of all types | 92 | VAS, MPQ, PMI | Intradialysis pain: 3.31±2.22 |
| Rodriguez Calero et al45 | Chronic pain of all types (definition of chronic pain not reported) | 82 | VAS, MPQ, PMI, BPI | Chronic pain: 2.41±2.13 Severe (VAS >7.5): no case reported |
| Rodriguez Calero et al47 | Chronic and intradialytic pain of all types (definition of chronic pain not reported) | ID: 92 C: 78 |
VAS, MPQ, PMI, BPI | ID: 3.28±2.22 C: 2.67±2.13 |
| Shayamsunder et al94 | Pain in ESRD patients treated with chronic HD | During HD: 30 On non-HD days: 44 |
Not measured | NA |
| Iacono et al90 | In-center HD chronic pain | 60 | 5-point Likert scale | Mean 3.3 |
| Fortina et al38 | Chronic pain of all types (definition of chronic pain not reported) | 37 | VAS | Not reported for general pain |
Abbreviations: A, acute; BPI, Brief Pain Inventory; C, chronic; CI, confidence interval; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; HD, hemodialysis; IASP, International Association for the Study of Pain; ID, intradialytic pain; mESAS, modified Edmonton Symptom Assessment System; MPQ, McGill Pain Questionnaire; MMPQ, McGill–Melzack Pain Questionnaire; NA, not applicable; NRS, numeric rating scale; NWC, number of words chosen; PMI, Pain Management Index; PPI, present pain intensity; PRI, Pain Rating Index; SF-MPQ, short-form McGill Pain Questionnaire; VAS, visual analog scale.