Table 1.
Frequency (%) of TMJ arthralgia and osteoarthritis patients and healthy reference controls showing Z-score values outside the reference 95 % confidence interval of the reference data (−1.96 < Z < 1.96) at most painful TMJ
| aClinical Diagnosis | aAfter CBCT | aAfter MRI | aAfter HR-US | aCombined | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Controls (n = 41) | Art (n = 43) |
OA (n = 15) |
Art (n = 28) |
OA (n = 30) |
Art (n = 44) |
OA (n = 14) |
Art (n = 28) |
OA (n = 30) |
Art (n = 15) |
OA (n = 9) |
|
| QST parameter | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
| CDT | |||||||||||
| >1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| <−1.96 | 2 (4.9) | 2 (4.7) | 2 (13.3) | 2 (7.2) | 2 (6.6) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (7.1) | 4 (14.3) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (13.3) | 0 (0.0) |
| WDT | |||||||||||
| >1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| <−1.96 | 2 (4.9) | 9 (20.9) | 2 (13.3) | 3 (10.8) | 8 (26.6) | 7 (15.9) | 4 (28.4) | 8 (28.6) | 3 (10.0) | 2 (13.3) | 1 (11.1) |
| TSL | |||||||||||
| >1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (2.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (7.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (11.1) |
| <−1.96 | 1 (2.4) | 3 (7.0) | 2 (13.3) | 3 (10.8) | 2 (6.7) | 4 (9.1) | 1 (7.1) | 5 (18.0) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (20.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| CPT | |||||||||||
| >1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.6) | 2 (13.3) | 2 (7.2) | 2 (6.7) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (7.1) | 2 (7.2) | 2 (6.6) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (11.1) |
| <−1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| HPT | |||||||||||
| >1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 5 (11.6) | 3 (20.0) | 2 (7.2) | 6 (20.0) | 4 (9.1) | 4 (28.4) | 3 (10.8) | 5 (16.7) | 1 (6.7) | 4 (44.4) |
| <−1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 2 (4.6) | 2 (13.3) | 2 (7.2) | 2 (6.7) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (10.8) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| MDT | |||||||||||
| >1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| <−1.96 | 1 (2.4) | 10 (23.3) | 5 (33.3) | 7 (25.0) | 8 (26.6) | 12 (27.3) | 3 (21.4) | 10 (35.7) | 5 (16.7) | 5 (33.3) | 2 (22.2) |
| MPT | |||||||||||
| >1.96 | 2 (4.9) | 10 (23.2) | 4 (26.6) | 5 (18) | 9 (30.0) | 9 (20.5) | 5 (35.5) | 5 (18.0) | 9 (30.0) | 4 (26.6) | 5 (55.5) |
| <−1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| MPS | |||||||||||
| >1.96 | 3 (7.2) | 3 (7.0) | 1 (6.7) | 2 (7.2) | 2 (6.7) | 3 (6.8) | 1 (7.1) | 3 (10.8) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| <−1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| WUR | |||||||||||
| >1.96 | 1 (2.4) | 5 (11.6) | 2 (13.3) | 4 (14.4) | 3 (10.0) | 4 (9.1) | 3 (21.3) | 3 (10.8) | 4 (13.3) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (11.1) |
| <−1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| VDT | |||||||||||
| >1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
| <−1.96 | 1 (2.4) | 2 (4.6) | 1 (6.7) | 1 (3.6) | 2 (6.7) | 2 (4.5) | 1 (7.1) | 2 (7.2) | 1 (3.3) | 1 (6.7) | 0 (0.0) |
| PPT | |||||||||||
| >1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 24 (55.8) | 10 (66.6) | 17 (60.7) | 17 (56.7) | 25 (56.8) | 9 (64.3) | 14 (50.0) | 20 (66.7) | 9 (60.0) | 6 (66.7) |
| <−1.96 | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) |
Abbreviations: TMJ temporomandibular joint, QST quantitative sensory testing, Art arthralgia patients, OA osteoarthritis patients, CBCT Cone beam computed tomography, MRI Magnetic resonance imaging, HR-US high resolution ultrasonography, CDT cold detection threshold, WDT warm detection threshold, TSL thermal sensory limen, CPT cold pain threshold, HPT heat pain threshold, MDT mechanical detection threshold, MPT mechanical pain threshold, MPS mechanical pain sensitivity, WUR windup ratio, VDT vibration detection threshold, PPT pressure pain threshold
aPatients were classified into TMJ arthralgia and osteoarthritis based on the diagnosis made after each examination modality (i.e., clinical examination, CBCT, MRI and HR-US and combined examinations (i.e., based on the presence or absence of degenerative changes on all imaging modalities at TMJ)