Figure 2.

(A) Average directional modulation relationship for a direct (mapped) and near (close by but unmapped) unit during manual control and brain control on 2 consecutive days. Partial lines above each tuning curve represent the respective preferred direction for each daily brain control (PD_BC) and manual control (PD_MC) session. The shaded region is the respective variance of the bootstrap distributions of PD_BC and PD_MC. Waveforms and interspike interval distributions from a direct (red) and near (blue) unit on consecutive days are also shown. Reprinted with permission of Macmillan Publishers Ltd., from Ganguly et al. (2011), copyright 2011. (B) Within-manifold perturbations can be quickly adapted to. The firing rate (FR) observed on each electrode in a brief epoch define a point (green dots) in the neural space. The intrinsic manifold (yellow plane) characterizes the prominent patterns of co-modulation. Neural activity maps onto the control space (black line) to specify cursor velocity. Right, control spaces for an intuitive mapping (black arrow), within-manifold perturbation (red arrow), and outside-manifold perturbation (blue arrow). Adapted with permission of Macmillan Publishers Ltd., from Sadtler et al. (2014), copyright 2014.