Table 5. Modulation of Exposure to Environmental Factors in Order to Decrease the Risk of Developing Autoimmune Thyroid Disease.
| Preventive intervention | Risk of TPO-Ab | Risk of Hashimoto hypothyroidism | Risk of Graves hyperthyroidism |
|---|---|---|---|
| Stop smoking | Increase | Increase | Decrease |
| Use alcohol | No change | Decrease | Decrease |
| Use selenium | ? | ? | ? |
| Use vitamin D | ? | ? | ? |
| Avoid pregnancy | Decrease | Decrease | Decease |
| Avoid stress | No change | No change | Decrease |
Adapted from Effraimidis et al. [57].
TPO-Ab, thyroid peroxidase antibody.